diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/errors.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/errors.rs
index 63ff64b00bed6..c6c85ffa84dd7 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/errors.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/errors.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-use rustc_errors::{fluent, AddToDiagnostic, Applicability, Diagnostic, DiagnosticArgFromDisplay};
+use rustc_errors::{
+    fluent, AddToDiagnostic, Applicability, Diagnostic, DiagnosticArgFromDisplay,
+    SubdiagnosticMessage,
+};
 use rustc_macros::{Diagnostic, Subdiagnostic};
 use rustc_span::{symbol::Ident, Span, Symbol};
 
@@ -19,7 +22,10 @@ pub struct UseAngleBrackets {
 }
 
 impl AddToDiagnostic for UseAngleBrackets {
-    fn add_to_diagnostic(self, diag: &mut Diagnostic) {
+    fn add_to_diagnostic_with<F>(self, diag: &mut Diagnostic, _: F)
+    where
+        F: Fn(&mut Diagnostic, SubdiagnosticMessage) -> SubdiagnosticMessage,
+    {
         diag.multipart_suggestion(
             fluent::ast_lowering::use_angle_brackets,
             vec![(self.open_param, String::from("<")), (self.close_param, String::from(">"))],
@@ -69,7 +75,10 @@ pub enum AssocTyParenthesesSub {
 }
 
 impl AddToDiagnostic for AssocTyParenthesesSub {
-    fn add_to_diagnostic(self, diag: &mut Diagnostic) {
+    fn add_to_diagnostic_with<F>(self, diag: &mut Diagnostic, _: F)
+    where
+        F: Fn(&mut Diagnostic, SubdiagnosticMessage) -> SubdiagnosticMessage,
+    {
         match self {
             Self::Empty { parentheses_span } => diag.multipart_suggestion(
                 fluent::ast_lowering::remove_parentheses,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/errors.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/errors.rs
index 035f0ce1cbc42..ba2ed24fc08fc 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/errors.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/errors.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! Errors emitted by ast_passes.
 
-use rustc_errors::{fluent, AddToDiagnostic, Applicability, Diagnostic};
+use rustc_errors::{fluent, AddToDiagnostic, Applicability, Diagnostic, SubdiagnosticMessage};
 use rustc_macros::{Diagnostic, Subdiagnostic};
 use rustc_span::{Span, Symbol};
 
@@ -17,7 +17,10 @@ pub struct ForbiddenLet {
 }
 
 impl AddToDiagnostic for ForbiddenLetReason {
-    fn add_to_diagnostic(self, diag: &mut Diagnostic) {
+    fn add_to_diagnostic_with<F>(self, diag: &mut Diagnostic, _: F)
+    where
+        F: Fn(&mut Diagnostic, SubdiagnosticMessage) -> SubdiagnosticMessage,
+    {
         match self {
             Self::GenericForbidden => {}
             Self::NotSupportedOr(span) => {
@@ -228,7 +231,10 @@ pub struct ExternBlockSuggestion {
 }
 
 impl AddToDiagnostic for ExternBlockSuggestion {
-    fn add_to_diagnostic(self, diag: &mut Diagnostic) {
+    fn add_to_diagnostic_with<F>(self, diag: &mut Diagnostic, _: F)
+    where
+        F: Fn(&mut Diagnostic, SubdiagnosticMessage) -> SubdiagnosticMessage,
+    {
         let start_suggestion = if let Some(abi) = self.abi {
             format!("extern \"{}\" {{", abi)
         } else {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/write.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/write.rs
index 1f577e9f3524f..a292bfce31eb8 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/write.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/write.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,10 @@ use rustc_data_structures::profiling::TimingGuard;
 use rustc_data_structures::profiling::VerboseTimingGuard;
 use rustc_data_structures::sync::Lrc;
 use rustc_errors::emitter::Emitter;
-use rustc_errors::{translation::Translate, DiagnosticId, FatalError, Handler, Level};
+use rustc_errors::{
+    translation::{to_fluent_args, Translate},
+    DiagnosticId, FatalError, Handler, Level,
+};
 use rustc_fs_util::link_or_copy;
 use rustc_hir::def_id::{CrateNum, LOCAL_CRATE};
 use rustc_incremental::{
@@ -1740,7 +1743,7 @@ impl Translate for SharedEmitter {
 
 impl Emitter for SharedEmitter {
     fn emit_diagnostic(&mut self, diag: &rustc_errors::Diagnostic) {
-        let fluent_args = self.to_fluent_args(diag.args());
+        let fluent_args = to_fluent_args(diag.args());
         drop(self.sender.send(SharedEmitterMessage::Diagnostic(Diagnostic {
             msg: self.translate_messages(&diag.message, &fluent_args).to_string(),
             code: diag.code.clone(),
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/const_eval/fn_queries.rs b/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/const_eval/fn_queries.rs
index f1674d04f8d15..cdcebb61c2e8c 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/const_eval/fn_queries.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/const_eval/fn_queries.rs
@@ -25,12 +25,10 @@ pub fn is_parent_const_impl_raw(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, def_id: LocalDefId) -> bool {
 /// report whether said intrinsic has a `rustc_const_{un,}stable` attribute. Otherwise, return
 /// `Constness::NotConst`.
 fn constness(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, def_id: DefId) -> hir::Constness {
-    let def_id = def_id.expect_local();
-    let node = tcx.hir().get_by_def_id(def_id);
-
-    match node {
+    let hir_id = tcx.hir().local_def_id_to_hir_id(def_id.expect_local());
+    match tcx.hir().get(hir_id) {
         hir::Node::Ctor(_) => hir::Constness::Const,
-        hir::Node::Item(hir::Item { kind: hir::ItemKind::Impl(impl_), .. }) => impl_.constness,
+
         hir::Node::ForeignItem(hir::ForeignItem { kind: hir::ForeignItemKind::Fn(..), .. }) => {
             // Intrinsics use `rustc_const_{un,}stable` attributes to indicate constness. All other
             // foreign items cannot be evaluated at compile-time.
@@ -41,20 +39,62 @@ fn constness(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, def_id: DefId) -> hir::Constness {
             };
             if is_const { hir::Constness::Const } else { hir::Constness::NotConst }
         }
-        _ => {
-            if let Some(fn_kind) = node.fn_kind() {
-                if fn_kind.constness() == hir::Constness::Const {
-                    return hir::Constness::Const;
-                }
 
-                // If the function itself is not annotated with `const`, it may still be a `const fn`
-                // if it resides in a const trait impl.
-                let is_const = is_parent_const_impl_raw(tcx, def_id);
-                if is_const { hir::Constness::Const } else { hir::Constness::NotConst }
-            } else {
-                hir::Constness::NotConst
+        hir::Node::TraitItem(hir::TraitItem { kind: hir::TraitItemKind::Fn(..), .. })
+            if tcx.is_const_default_method(def_id) =>
+        {
+            hir::Constness::Const
+        }
+
+        hir::Node::Item(hir::Item { kind: hir::ItemKind::Const(..), .. })
+        | hir::Node::Item(hir::Item { kind: hir::ItemKind::Static(..), .. })
+        | hir::Node::TraitItem(hir::TraitItem { kind: hir::TraitItemKind::Const(..), .. })
+        | hir::Node::AnonConst(_)
+        | hir::Node::ImplItem(hir::ImplItem { kind: hir::ImplItemKind::Const(..), .. })
+        | hir::Node::ImplItem(hir::ImplItem {
+            kind:
+                hir::ImplItemKind::Fn(
+                    hir::FnSig {
+                        header: hir::FnHeader { constness: hir::Constness::Const, .. },
+                        ..
+                    },
+                    ..,
+                ),
+            ..
+        }) => hir::Constness::Const,
+
+        hir::Node::ImplItem(hir::ImplItem {
+            kind: hir::ImplItemKind::Type(..) | hir::ImplItemKind::Fn(..),
+            ..
+        }) => {
+            let parent_hir_id = tcx.hir().get_parent_node(hir_id);
+            match tcx.hir().get(parent_hir_id) {
+                hir::Node::Item(hir::Item {
+                    kind: hir::ItemKind::Impl(hir::Impl { constness, .. }),
+                    ..
+                }) => *constness,
+                _ => span_bug!(
+                    tcx.def_span(parent_hir_id.owner),
+                    "impl item's parent node is not an impl",
+                ),
             }
         }
+
+        hir::Node::Item(hir::Item {
+            kind: hir::ItemKind::Fn(hir::FnSig { header: hir::FnHeader { constness, .. }, .. }, ..),
+            ..
+        })
+        | hir::Node::TraitItem(hir::TraitItem {
+            kind:
+                hir::TraitItemKind::Fn(hir::FnSig { header: hir::FnHeader { constness, .. }, .. }, ..),
+            ..
+        })
+        | hir::Node::Item(hir::Item {
+            kind: hir::ItemKind::Impl(hir::Impl { constness, .. }),
+            ..
+        }) => *constness,
+
+        _ => hir::Constness::NotConst,
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_error_messages/locales/en-US/query_system.ftl b/compiler/rustc_error_messages/locales/en-US/query_system.ftl
index b914ba52a7353..870e824039cb6 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_error_messages/locales/en-US/query_system.ftl
+++ b/compiler/rustc_error_messages/locales/en-US/query_system.ftl
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ query_system_cycle_usage = cycle used when {$usage}
 
 query_system_cycle_stack_single = ...which immediately requires {$stack_bottom} again
 
+query_system_cycle_stack_middle = ...which requires {$desc}...
+
 query_system_cycle_stack_multiple = ...which again requires {$stack_bottom}, completing the cycle
 
 query_system_cycle_recursive_ty_alias = type aliases cannot be recursive
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_error_messages/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_error_messages/src/lib.rs
index a2d507328b389..ab2dafd828a56 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_error_messages/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_error_messages/src/lib.rs
@@ -277,6 +277,18 @@ pub enum SubdiagnosticMessage {
     /// Non-translatable diagnostic message.
     // FIXME(davidtwco): can a `Cow<'static, str>` be used here?
     Str(String),
+    /// Translatable message which has already been translated eagerly.
+    ///
+    /// Some diagnostics have repeated subdiagnostics where the same interpolated variables would
+    /// be instantiated multiple times with different values. As translation normally happens
+    /// immediately prior to emission, after the diagnostic and subdiagnostic derive logic has run,
+    /// the setting of diagnostic arguments in the derived code will overwrite previous variable
+    /// values and only the final value will be set when translation occurs - resulting in
+    /// incorrect diagnostics. Eager translation results in translation for a subdiagnostic
+    /// happening immediately after the subdiagnostic derive's logic has been run. This variant
+    /// stores messages which have been translated eagerly.
+    // FIXME(#100717): can a `Cow<'static, str>` be used here?
+    Eager(String),
     /// Identifier of a Fluent message. Instances of this variant are generated by the
     /// `Subdiagnostic` derive.
     FluentIdentifier(FluentId),
@@ -304,8 +316,20 @@ impl<S: Into<String>> From<S> for SubdiagnosticMessage {
 #[rustc_diagnostic_item = "DiagnosticMessage"]
 pub enum DiagnosticMessage {
     /// Non-translatable diagnostic message.
-    // FIXME(davidtwco): can a `Cow<'static, str>` be used here?
+    // FIXME(#100717): can a `Cow<'static, str>` be used here?
     Str(String),
+    /// Translatable message which has already been translated eagerly.
+    ///
+    /// Some diagnostics have repeated subdiagnostics where the same interpolated variables would
+    /// be instantiated multiple times with different values. As translation normally happens
+    /// immediately prior to emission, after the diagnostic and subdiagnostic derive logic has run,
+    /// the setting of diagnostic arguments in the derived code will overwrite previous variable
+    /// values and only the final value will be set when translation occurs - resulting in
+    /// incorrect diagnostics. Eager translation results in translation for a subdiagnostic
+    /// happening immediately after the subdiagnostic derive's logic has been run. This variant
+    /// stores messages which have been translated eagerly.
+    // FIXME(#100717): can a `Cow<'static, str>` be used here?
+    Eager(String),
     /// Identifier for a Fluent message (with optional attribute) corresponding to the diagnostic
     /// message.
     ///
@@ -324,6 +348,7 @@ impl DiagnosticMessage {
     pub fn with_subdiagnostic_message(&self, sub: SubdiagnosticMessage) -> Self {
         let attr = match sub {
             SubdiagnosticMessage::Str(s) => return DiagnosticMessage::Str(s),
+            SubdiagnosticMessage::Eager(s) => return DiagnosticMessage::Eager(s),
             SubdiagnosticMessage::FluentIdentifier(id) => {
                 return DiagnosticMessage::FluentIdentifier(id, None);
             }
@@ -332,6 +357,7 @@ impl DiagnosticMessage {
 
         match self {
             DiagnosticMessage::Str(s) => DiagnosticMessage::Str(s.clone()),
+            DiagnosticMessage::Eager(s) => DiagnosticMessage::Eager(s.clone()),
             DiagnosticMessage::FluentIdentifier(id, _) => {
                 DiagnosticMessage::FluentIdentifier(id.clone(), Some(attr))
             }
@@ -367,6 +393,7 @@ impl Into<SubdiagnosticMessage> for DiagnosticMessage {
     fn into(self) -> SubdiagnosticMessage {
         match self {
             DiagnosticMessage::Str(s) => SubdiagnosticMessage::Str(s),
+            DiagnosticMessage::Eager(s) => SubdiagnosticMessage::Eager(s),
             DiagnosticMessage::FluentIdentifier(id, None) => {
                 SubdiagnosticMessage::FluentIdentifier(id)
             }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/annotate_snippet_emitter_writer.rs b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/annotate_snippet_emitter_writer.rs
index b32fc3c719bbd..f14b8ee3254f3 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/annotate_snippet_emitter_writer.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/annotate_snippet_emitter_writer.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 
 use crate::emitter::FileWithAnnotatedLines;
 use crate::snippet::Line;
-use crate::translation::Translate;
+use crate::translation::{to_fluent_args, Translate};
 use crate::{
     CodeSuggestion, Diagnostic, DiagnosticId, DiagnosticMessage, Emitter, FluentBundle,
     LazyFallbackBundle, Level, MultiSpan, Style, SubDiagnostic,
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ impl Translate for AnnotateSnippetEmitterWriter {
 impl Emitter for AnnotateSnippetEmitterWriter {
     /// The entry point for the diagnostics generation
     fn emit_diagnostic(&mut self, diag: &Diagnostic) {
-        let fluent_args = self.to_fluent_args(diag.args());
+        let fluent_args = to_fluent_args(diag.args());
 
         let mut children = diag.children.clone();
         let (mut primary_span, suggestions) = self.primary_span_formatted(&diag, &fluent_args);
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic.rs b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic.rs
index 31e410aaaf082..3e0840caaa693 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,11 @@ pub struct SuggestionsDisabled;
 /// Simplified version of `FluentArg` that can implement `Encodable` and `Decodable`. Collection of
 /// `DiagnosticArg` are converted to `FluentArgs` (consuming the collection) at the start of
 /// diagnostic emission.
-pub type DiagnosticArg<'source> = (Cow<'source, str>, DiagnosticArgValue<'source>);
+pub type DiagnosticArg<'iter, 'source> =
+    (&'iter DiagnosticArgName<'source>, &'iter DiagnosticArgValue<'source>);
+
+/// Name of a diagnostic argument.
+pub type DiagnosticArgName<'source> = Cow<'source, str>;
 
 /// Simplified version of `FluentValue` that can implement `Encodable` and `Decodable`. Converted
 /// to a `FluentValue` by the emitter to be used in diagnostic translation.
@@ -199,9 +203,20 @@ impl IntoDiagnosticArg for ast::token::TokenKind {
 /// `#[derive(Subdiagnostic)]` -- see [rustc_macros::Subdiagnostic].
 #[cfg_attr(bootstrap, rustc_diagnostic_item = "AddSubdiagnostic")]
 #[cfg_attr(not(bootstrap), rustc_diagnostic_item = "AddToDiagnostic")]
-pub trait AddToDiagnostic {
+pub trait AddToDiagnostic
+where
+    Self: Sized,
+{
     /// Add a subdiagnostic to an existing diagnostic.
-    fn add_to_diagnostic(self, diag: &mut Diagnostic);
+    fn add_to_diagnostic(self, diag: &mut Diagnostic) {
+        self.add_to_diagnostic_with(diag, |_, m| m);
+    }
+
+    /// Add a subdiagnostic to an existing diagnostic where `f` is invoked on every message used
+    /// (to optionally perform eager translation).
+    fn add_to_diagnostic_with<F>(self, diag: &mut Diagnostic, f: F)
+    where
+        F: Fn(&mut Diagnostic, SubdiagnosticMessage) -> SubdiagnosticMessage;
 }
 
 /// Trait implemented by lint types. This should not be implemented manually. Instead, use
@@ -229,7 +244,7 @@ pub struct Diagnostic {
     pub span: MultiSpan,
     pub children: Vec<SubDiagnostic>,
     pub suggestions: Result<Vec<CodeSuggestion>, SuggestionsDisabled>,
-    args: Vec<DiagnosticArg<'static>>,
+    args: FxHashMap<DiagnosticArgName<'static>, DiagnosticArgValue<'static>>,
 
     /// This is not used for highlighting or rendering any error message.  Rather, it can be used
     /// as a sort key to sort a buffer of diagnostics.  By default, it is the primary span of
@@ -321,7 +336,7 @@ impl Diagnostic {
             span: MultiSpan::new(),
             children: vec![],
             suggestions: Ok(vec![]),
-            args: vec![],
+            args: Default::default(),
             sort_span: DUMMY_SP,
             is_lint: false,
         }
@@ -917,13 +932,30 @@ impl Diagnostic {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Add a subdiagnostic from a type that implements `Subdiagnostic` - see
-    /// [rustc_macros::Subdiagnostic].
+    /// Add a subdiagnostic from a type that implements `Subdiagnostic` (see
+    /// [rustc_macros::Subdiagnostic]).
     pub fn subdiagnostic(&mut self, subdiagnostic: impl AddToDiagnostic) -> &mut Self {
         subdiagnostic.add_to_diagnostic(self);
         self
     }
 
+    /// Add a subdiagnostic from a type that implements `Subdiagnostic` (see
+    /// [rustc_macros::Subdiagnostic]). Performs eager translation of any translatable messages
+    /// used in the subdiagnostic, so suitable for use with repeated messages (i.e. re-use of
+    /// interpolated variables).
+    pub fn eager_subdiagnostic(
+        &mut self,
+        handler: &crate::Handler,
+        subdiagnostic: impl AddToDiagnostic,
+    ) -> &mut Self {
+        subdiagnostic.add_to_diagnostic_with(self, |diag, msg| {
+            let args = diag.args();
+            let msg = diag.subdiagnostic_message_to_diagnostic_message(msg);
+            handler.eagerly_translate(msg, args)
+        });
+        self
+    }
+
     pub fn set_span<S: Into<MultiSpan>>(&mut self, sp: S) -> &mut Self {
         self.span = sp.into();
         if let Some(span) = self.span.primary_span() {
@@ -956,8 +988,11 @@ impl Diagnostic {
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn args(&self) -> &[DiagnosticArg<'static>] {
-        &self.args
+    // Exact iteration order of diagnostic arguments shouldn't make a difference to output because
+    // they're only used in interpolation.
+    #[allow(rustc::potential_query_instability)]
+    pub fn args<'a>(&'a self) -> impl Iterator<Item = DiagnosticArg<'a, 'static>> {
+        self.args.iter()
     }
 
     pub fn set_arg(
@@ -965,7 +1000,7 @@ impl Diagnostic {
         name: impl Into<Cow<'static, str>>,
         arg: impl IntoDiagnosticArg,
     ) -> &mut Self {
-        self.args.push((name.into(), arg.into_diagnostic_arg()));
+        self.args.insert(name.into(), arg.into_diagnostic_arg());
         self
     }
 
@@ -976,7 +1011,7 @@ impl Diagnostic {
     /// Helper function that takes a `SubdiagnosticMessage` and returns a `DiagnosticMessage` by
     /// combining it with the primary message of the diagnostic (if translatable, otherwise it just
     /// passes the user's string along).
-    fn subdiagnostic_message_to_diagnostic_message(
+    pub(crate) fn subdiagnostic_message_to_diagnostic_message(
         &self,
         attr: impl Into<SubdiagnosticMessage>,
     ) -> DiagnosticMessage {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/emitter.rs b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/emitter.rs
index 66fbb8f1213e0..cd6413bc3ec62 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/emitter.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/emitter.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use rustc_span::{FileLines, SourceFile, Span};
 
 use crate::snippet::{Annotation, AnnotationType, Line, MultilineAnnotation, Style, StyledString};
 use crate::styled_buffer::StyledBuffer;
-use crate::translation::Translate;
+use crate::translation::{to_fluent_args, Translate};
 use crate::{
     CodeSuggestion, Diagnostic, DiagnosticId, DiagnosticMessage, FluentBundle, Handler,
     LazyFallbackBundle, Level, MultiSpan, SubDiagnostic, SubstitutionHighlight, SuggestionStyle,
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ impl Emitter for EmitterWriter {
     }
 
     fn emit_diagnostic(&mut self, diag: &Diagnostic) {
-        let fluent_args = self.to_fluent_args(diag.args());
+        let fluent_args = to_fluent_args(diag.args());
 
         let mut children = diag.children.clone();
         let (mut primary_span, suggestions) = self.primary_span_formatted(&diag, &fluent_args);
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/json.rs b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/json.rs
index 1680c6accd78c..4cc7be47fc2c6 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/json.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/json.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use rustc_span::source_map::{FilePathMapping, SourceMap};
 
 use crate::emitter::{Emitter, HumanReadableErrorType};
 use crate::registry::Registry;
-use crate::translation::Translate;
+use crate::translation::{to_fluent_args, Translate};
 use crate::DiagnosticId;
 use crate::{
     CodeSuggestion, FluentBundle, LazyFallbackBundle, MultiSpan, SpanLabel, SubDiagnostic,
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ struct UnusedExterns<'a, 'b, 'c> {
 
 impl Diagnostic {
     fn from_errors_diagnostic(diag: &crate::Diagnostic, je: &JsonEmitter) -> Diagnostic {
-        let args = je.to_fluent_args(diag.args());
+        let args = to_fluent_args(diag.args());
         let sugg = diag.suggestions.iter().flatten().map(|sugg| {
             let translated_message = je.translate_message(&sugg.msg, &args);
             Diagnostic {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/lib.rs
index c8ccdc539af5a..b16c54e0aacaa 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/lib.rs
@@ -598,6 +598,17 @@ impl Handler {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Translate `message` eagerly with `args`.
+    pub fn eagerly_translate<'a>(
+        &self,
+        message: DiagnosticMessage,
+        args: impl Iterator<Item = DiagnosticArg<'a, 'static>>,
+    ) -> SubdiagnosticMessage {
+        let inner = self.inner.borrow();
+        let args = crate::translation::to_fluent_args(args);
+        SubdiagnosticMessage::Eager(inner.emitter.translate_message(&message, &args).to_string())
+    }
+
     // This is here to not allow mutation of flags;
     // as of this writing it's only used in tests in librustc_middle.
     pub fn can_emit_warnings(&self) -> bool {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/translation.rs b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/translation.rs
index 4f407badb3f9e..a7737b467b75b 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/translation.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/translation.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,27 @@ use rustc_data_structures::sync::Lrc;
 use rustc_error_messages::FluentArgs;
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 
+/// Convert diagnostic arguments (a rustc internal type that exists to implement
+/// `Encodable`/`Decodable`) into `FluentArgs` which is necessary to perform translation.
+///
+/// Typically performed once for each diagnostic at the start of `emit_diagnostic` and then
+/// passed around as a reference thereafter.
+pub fn to_fluent_args<'iter, 'arg: 'iter>(
+    iter: impl Iterator<Item = DiagnosticArg<'iter, 'arg>>,
+) -> FluentArgs<'arg> {
+    let mut args = if let Some(size) = iter.size_hint().1 {
+        FluentArgs::with_capacity(size)
+    } else {
+        FluentArgs::new()
+    };
+
+    for (k, v) in iter {
+        args.set(k.clone(), v.clone());
+    }
+
+    args
+}
+
 pub trait Translate {
     /// Return `FluentBundle` with localized diagnostics for the locale requested by the user. If no
     /// language was requested by the user then this will be `None` and `fallback_fluent_bundle`
@@ -15,15 +36,6 @@ pub trait Translate {
     /// unavailable for the requested locale.
     fn fallback_fluent_bundle(&self) -> &FluentBundle;
 
-    /// Convert diagnostic arguments (a rustc internal type that exists to implement
-    /// `Encodable`/`Decodable`) into `FluentArgs` which is necessary to perform translation.
-    ///
-    /// Typically performed once for each diagnostic at the start of `emit_diagnostic` and then
-    /// passed around as a reference thereafter.
-    fn to_fluent_args<'arg>(&self, args: &[DiagnosticArg<'arg>]) -> FluentArgs<'arg> {
-        FromIterator::from_iter(args.iter().cloned())
-    }
-
     /// Convert `DiagnosticMessage`s to a string, performing translation if necessary.
     fn translate_messages(
         &self,
@@ -43,7 +55,9 @@ pub trait Translate {
     ) -> Cow<'_, str> {
         trace!(?message, ?args);
         let (identifier, attr) = match message {
-            DiagnosticMessage::Str(msg) => return Cow::Borrowed(&msg),
+            DiagnosticMessage::Str(msg) | DiagnosticMessage::Eager(msg) => {
+                return Cow::Borrowed(&msg);
+            }
             DiagnosticMessage::FluentIdentifier(identifier, attr) => (identifier, attr),
         };
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_feature/src/active.rs b/compiler/rustc_feature/src/active.rs
index 48c40eae662ed..5ea433e6b3d3e 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_feature/src/active.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_feature/src/active.rs
@@ -412,8 +412,6 @@ declare_features! (
     (incomplete, generic_associated_types_extended, "1.61.0", Some(95451), None),
     /// Allows non-trivial generic constants which have to have wfness manually propagated to callers
     (incomplete, generic_const_exprs, "1.56.0", Some(76560), None),
-    /// Allows using `..X`, `..=X`, `...X`, and `X..` as a pattern.
-    (active, half_open_range_patterns, "1.41.0", Some(67264), None),
     /// Allows using `..=X` as a patterns in slices.
     (active, half_open_range_patterns_in_slices, "CURRENT_RUSTC_VERSION", Some(67264), None),
     /// Allows `if let` guard in match arms.
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/errors/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/errors/mod.rs
index 85b877652c6aa..500900d3d4a74 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/errors/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/errors/mod.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use hir::GenericParamKind;
 use rustc_errors::{
-    fluent, AddToDiagnostic, Applicability, DiagnosticMessage, DiagnosticStyledString, MultiSpan,
+    fluent, AddToDiagnostic, Applicability, Diagnostic, DiagnosticMessage, DiagnosticStyledString,
+    MultiSpan, SubdiagnosticMessage,
 };
 use rustc_hir as hir;
 use rustc_hir::{FnRetTy, Ty};
@@ -229,7 +230,10 @@ pub enum RegionOriginNote<'a> {
 }
 
 impl AddToDiagnostic for RegionOriginNote<'_> {
-    fn add_to_diagnostic(self, diag: &mut rustc_errors::Diagnostic) {
+    fn add_to_diagnostic_with<F>(self, diag: &mut Diagnostic, _: F)
+    where
+        F: Fn(&mut Diagnostic, SubdiagnosticMessage) -> SubdiagnosticMessage,
+    {
         let mut label_or_note = |span, msg: DiagnosticMessage| {
             let sub_count = diag.children.iter().filter(|d| d.span.is_dummy()).count();
             let expanded_sub_count = diag.children.iter().filter(|d| !d.span.is_dummy()).count();
@@ -290,7 +294,10 @@ pub enum LifetimeMismatchLabels {
 }
 
 impl AddToDiagnostic for LifetimeMismatchLabels {
-    fn add_to_diagnostic(self, diag: &mut rustc_errors::Diagnostic) {
+    fn add_to_diagnostic_with<F>(self, diag: &mut Diagnostic, _: F)
+    where
+        F: Fn(&mut Diagnostic, SubdiagnosticMessage) -> SubdiagnosticMessage,
+    {
         match self {
             LifetimeMismatchLabels::InRet { param_span, ret_span, span, label_var1 } => {
                 diag.span_label(param_span, fluent::infer::declared_different);
@@ -340,7 +347,10 @@ pub struct AddLifetimeParamsSuggestion<'a> {
 }
 
 impl AddToDiagnostic for AddLifetimeParamsSuggestion<'_> {
-    fn add_to_diagnostic(self, diag: &mut rustc_errors::Diagnostic) {
+    fn add_to_diagnostic_with<F>(self, diag: &mut Diagnostic, _: F)
+    where
+        F: Fn(&mut Diagnostic, SubdiagnosticMessage) -> SubdiagnosticMessage,
+    {
         let mut mk_suggestion = || {
             let (
                 hir::Ty { kind: hir::TyKind::Rptr(lifetime_sub, _), .. },
@@ -439,7 +449,10 @@ pub struct IntroducesStaticBecauseUnmetLifetimeReq {
 }
 
 impl AddToDiagnostic for IntroducesStaticBecauseUnmetLifetimeReq {
-    fn add_to_diagnostic(mut self, diag: &mut rustc_errors::Diagnostic) {
+    fn add_to_diagnostic_with<F>(mut self, diag: &mut Diagnostic, _: F)
+    where
+        F: Fn(&mut Diagnostic, SubdiagnosticMessage) -> SubdiagnosticMessage,
+    {
         self.unmet_requirements
             .push_span_label(self.binding_span, fluent::infer::msl_introduces_static);
         diag.span_note(self.unmet_requirements, fluent::infer::msl_unmet_req);
@@ -451,7 +464,10 @@ pub struct ImplNote {
 }
 
 impl AddToDiagnostic for ImplNote {
-    fn add_to_diagnostic(self, diag: &mut rustc_errors::Diagnostic) {
+    fn add_to_diagnostic_with<F>(self, diag: &mut Diagnostic, _: F)
+    where
+        F: Fn(&mut Diagnostic, SubdiagnosticMessage) -> SubdiagnosticMessage,
+    {
         match self.impl_span {
             Some(span) => diag.span_note(span, fluent::infer::msl_impl_note),
             None => diag.note(fluent::infer::msl_impl_note),
@@ -466,7 +482,10 @@ pub enum TraitSubdiag {
 
 // FIXME(#100717) used in `Vec<TraitSubdiag>` so requires eager translation/list support
 impl AddToDiagnostic for TraitSubdiag {
-    fn add_to_diagnostic(self, diag: &mut rustc_errors::Diagnostic) {
+    fn add_to_diagnostic_with<F>(self, diag: &mut Diagnostic, _: F)
+    where
+        F: Fn(&mut Diagnostic, SubdiagnosticMessage) -> SubdiagnosticMessage,
+    {
         match self {
             TraitSubdiag::Note { span } => {
                 diag.span_note(span, "this has an implicit `'static` lifetime requirement");
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/errors/note_and_explain.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/errors/note_and_explain.rs
index 7f54918f73614..201a3c7100cc8 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/errors/note_and_explain.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/errors/note_and_explain.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 use crate::infer::error_reporting::nice_region_error::find_anon_type;
-use rustc_errors::{self, fluent, AddToDiagnostic, IntoDiagnosticArg};
+use rustc_errors::{
+    self, fluent, AddToDiagnostic, Diagnostic, IntoDiagnosticArg, SubdiagnosticMessage,
+};
 use rustc_middle::ty::{self, TyCtxt};
 use rustc_span::{symbol::kw, Span};
 
@@ -159,7 +161,10 @@ impl RegionExplanation<'_> {
 }
 
 impl AddToDiagnostic for RegionExplanation<'_> {
-    fn add_to_diagnostic(self, diag: &mut rustc_errors::Diagnostic) {
+    fn add_to_diagnostic_with<F>(self, diag: &mut Diagnostic, _: F)
+    where
+        F: Fn(&mut Diagnostic, SubdiagnosticMessage) -> SubdiagnosticMessage,
+    {
         if let Some(span) = self.desc.span {
             diag.span_note(span, fluent::infer::region_explanation);
         } else {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/interface.rs b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/interface.rs
index 949bd02ad6839..a697f8071b4b3 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/interface.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/interface.rs
@@ -276,59 +276,6 @@ pub struct Config {
     pub registry: Registry,
 }
 
-pub fn create_compiler_and_run<R>(config: Config, f: impl FnOnce(&Compiler) -> R) -> R {
-    crate::callbacks::setup_callbacks();
-
-    let registry = &config.registry;
-    let (mut sess, codegen_backend) = util::create_session(
-        config.opts,
-        config.crate_cfg,
-        config.crate_check_cfg,
-        config.diagnostic_output,
-        config.file_loader,
-        config.input_path.clone(),
-        config.lint_caps,
-        config.make_codegen_backend,
-        registry.clone(),
-    );
-
-    if let Some(parse_sess_created) = config.parse_sess_created {
-        parse_sess_created(
-            &mut Lrc::get_mut(&mut sess)
-                .expect("create_session() should never share the returned session")
-                .parse_sess,
-        );
-    }
-
-    let temps_dir = sess.opts.unstable_opts.temps_dir.as_ref().map(|o| PathBuf::from(&o));
-
-    let compiler = Compiler {
-        sess,
-        codegen_backend,
-        input: config.input,
-        input_path: config.input_path,
-        output_dir: config.output_dir,
-        output_file: config.output_file,
-        temps_dir,
-        register_lints: config.register_lints,
-        override_queries: config.override_queries,
-    };
-
-    rustc_span::with_source_map(compiler.sess.parse_sess.clone_source_map(), move || {
-        let r = {
-            let _sess_abort_error = OnDrop(|| {
-                compiler.sess.finish_diagnostics(registry);
-            });
-
-            f(&compiler)
-        };
-
-        let prof = compiler.sess.prof.clone();
-        prof.generic_activity("drop_compiler").run(move || drop(compiler));
-        r
-    })
-}
-
 // JUSTIFICATION: before session exists, only config
 #[allow(rustc::bad_opt_access)]
 pub fn run_compiler<R: Send>(config: Config, f: impl FnOnce(&Compiler) -> R + Send) -> R {
@@ -336,7 +283,54 @@ pub fn run_compiler<R: Send>(config: Config, f: impl FnOnce(&Compiler) -> R + Se
     util::run_in_thread_pool_with_globals(
         config.opts.edition,
         config.opts.unstable_opts.threads,
-        || create_compiler_and_run(config, f),
+        || {
+            crate::callbacks::setup_callbacks();
+
+            let registry = &config.registry;
+            let (mut sess, codegen_backend) = util::create_session(
+                config.opts,
+                config.crate_cfg,
+                config.crate_check_cfg,
+                config.diagnostic_output,
+                config.file_loader,
+                config.input_path.clone(),
+                config.lint_caps,
+                config.make_codegen_backend,
+                registry.clone(),
+            );
+
+            if let Some(parse_sess_created) = config.parse_sess_created {
+                parse_sess_created(&mut sess.parse_sess);
+            }
+
+            let temps_dir = sess.opts.unstable_opts.temps_dir.as_ref().map(|o| PathBuf::from(&o));
+
+            let compiler = Compiler {
+                sess: Lrc::new(sess),
+                codegen_backend: Lrc::new(codegen_backend),
+                input: config.input,
+                input_path: config.input_path,
+                output_dir: config.output_dir,
+                output_file: config.output_file,
+                temps_dir,
+                register_lints: config.register_lints,
+                override_queries: config.override_queries,
+            };
+
+            rustc_span::with_source_map(compiler.sess.parse_sess.clone_source_map(), move || {
+                let r = {
+                    let _sess_abort_error = OnDrop(|| {
+                        compiler.sess.finish_diagnostics(registry);
+                    });
+
+                    f(&compiler)
+                };
+
+                let prof = compiler.sess.prof.clone();
+                prof.generic_activity("drop_compiler").run(move || drop(compiler));
+                r
+            })
+        },
     )
 }
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/util.rs b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/util.rs
index f7e70d355cf86..1bbfb9a415699 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/util.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/util.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ use rustc_codegen_ssa::traits::CodegenBackend;
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::{FxHashMap, FxHashSet};
 #[cfg(parallel_compiler)]
 use rustc_data_structures::jobserver;
-use rustc_data_structures::sync::Lrc;
 use rustc_errors::registry::Registry;
 #[cfg(parallel_compiler)]
 use rustc_middle::ty::tls;
@@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ pub fn create_session(
         Box<dyn FnOnce(&config::Options) -> Box<dyn CodegenBackend> + Send>,
     >,
     descriptions: Registry,
-) -> (Lrc<Session>, Lrc<Box<dyn CodegenBackend>>) {
+) -> (Session, Box<dyn CodegenBackend>) {
     let codegen_backend = if let Some(make_codegen_backend) = make_codegen_backend {
         make_codegen_backend(&sopts)
     } else {
@@ -121,7 +120,7 @@ pub fn create_session(
     sess.parse_sess.config = cfg;
     sess.parse_sess.check_config = check_cfg;
 
-    (Lrc::new(sess), Lrc::new(codegen_backend))
+    (sess, codegen_backend)
 }
 
 const STACK_SIZE: usize = 8 * 1024 * 1024;
@@ -132,33 +131,31 @@ fn get_stack_size() -> Option<usize> {
     env::var_os("RUST_MIN_STACK").is_none().then_some(STACK_SIZE)
 }
 
-/// Like a `thread::Builder::spawn` followed by a `join()`, but avoids the need
-/// for `'static` bounds.
 #[cfg(not(parallel_compiler))]
-fn scoped_thread<F: FnOnce() -> R + Send, R: Send>(cfg: thread::Builder, f: F) -> R {
-    // SAFETY: join() is called immediately, so any closure captures are still
-    // alive.
-    match unsafe { cfg.spawn_unchecked(f) }.unwrap().join() {
-        Ok(v) => v,
-        Err(e) => panic::resume_unwind(e),
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(not(parallel_compiler))]
-pub fn run_in_thread_pool_with_globals<F: FnOnce() -> R + Send, R: Send>(
+pub(crate) fn run_in_thread_pool_with_globals<F: FnOnce() -> R + Send, R: Send>(
     edition: Edition,
     _threads: usize,
     f: F,
 ) -> R {
-    let mut cfg = thread::Builder::new().name("rustc".to_string());
-
-    if let Some(size) = get_stack_size() {
-        cfg = cfg.stack_size(size);
-    }
+    // The thread pool is a single thread in the non-parallel compiler.
+    thread::scope(|s| {
+        let mut builder = thread::Builder::new().name("rustc".to_string());
+        if let Some(size) = get_stack_size() {
+            builder = builder.stack_size(size);
+        }
 
-    let main_handler = move || rustc_span::create_session_globals_then(edition, f);
+        // `unwrap` is ok here because `spawn_scoped` only panics if the thread
+        // name contains null bytes.
+        let r = builder
+            .spawn_scoped(s, move || rustc_span::create_session_globals_then(edition, f))
+            .unwrap()
+            .join();
 
-    scoped_thread(cfg, main_handler)
+        match r {
+            Ok(v) => v,
+            Err(e) => panic::resume_unwind(e),
+        }
+    })
 }
 
 /// Creates a new thread and forwards information in thread locals to it.
@@ -177,7 +174,7 @@ unsafe fn handle_deadlock() {
 }
 
 #[cfg(parallel_compiler)]
-pub fn run_in_thread_pool_with_globals<F: FnOnce() -> R + Send, R: Send>(
+pub(crate) fn run_in_thread_pool_with_globals<F: FnOnce() -> R + Send, R: Send>(
     edition: Edition,
     threads: usize,
     f: F,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_lint/src/errors.rs b/compiler/rustc_lint/src/errors.rs
index 880f3fbd00e60..97d012fb611d0 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_lint/src/errors.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_lint/src/errors.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-use rustc_errors::{fluent, AddToDiagnostic, ErrorGuaranteed, Handler, IntoDiagnostic};
+use rustc_errors::{
+    fluent, AddToDiagnostic, Diagnostic, ErrorGuaranteed, Handler, IntoDiagnostic,
+    SubdiagnosticMessage,
+};
 use rustc_macros::{Diagnostic, Subdiagnostic};
 use rustc_session::lint::Level;
 use rustc_span::{Span, Symbol};
@@ -23,7 +26,10 @@ pub enum OverruledAttributeSub {
 }
 
 impl AddToDiagnostic for OverruledAttributeSub {
-    fn add_to_diagnostic(self, diag: &mut rustc_errors::Diagnostic) {
+    fn add_to_diagnostic_with<F>(self, diag: &mut Diagnostic, _: F)
+    where
+        F: Fn(&mut Diagnostic, SubdiagnosticMessage) -> SubdiagnosticMessage,
+    {
         match self {
             OverruledAttributeSub::DefaultSource { id } => {
                 diag.note(fluent::lint::default_source);
@@ -88,7 +94,10 @@ pub struct RequestedLevel {
 }
 
 impl AddToDiagnostic for RequestedLevel {
-    fn add_to_diagnostic(self, diag: &mut rustc_errors::Diagnostic) {
+    fn add_to_diagnostic_with<F>(self, diag: &mut Diagnostic, _: F)
+    where
+        F: Fn(&mut Diagnostic, SubdiagnosticMessage) -> SubdiagnosticMessage,
+    {
         diag.note(fluent::lint::requested_level);
         diag.set_arg(
             "level",
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_macros/src/diagnostics/diagnostic.rs b/compiler/rustc_macros/src/diagnostics/diagnostic.rs
index 83040a652b18a..8cf307df5a565 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_macros/src/diagnostics/diagnostic.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_macros/src/diagnostics/diagnostic.rs
@@ -10,27 +10,31 @@ use synstructure::Structure;
 /// The central struct for constructing the `into_diagnostic` method from an annotated struct.
 pub(crate) struct DiagnosticDerive<'a> {
     structure: Structure<'a>,
-    handler: syn::Ident,
     builder: DiagnosticDeriveBuilder,
 }
 
 impl<'a> DiagnosticDerive<'a> {
     pub(crate) fn new(diag: syn::Ident, handler: syn::Ident, structure: Structure<'a>) -> Self {
         Self {
-            builder: DiagnosticDeriveBuilder { diag, kind: DiagnosticDeriveKind::Diagnostic },
-            handler,
+            builder: DiagnosticDeriveBuilder {
+                diag,
+                kind: DiagnosticDeriveKind::Diagnostic { handler },
+            },
             structure,
         }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn into_tokens(self) -> TokenStream {
-        let DiagnosticDerive { mut structure, handler, mut builder } = self;
+        let DiagnosticDerive { mut structure, mut builder } = self;
 
         let implementation = builder.each_variant(&mut structure, |mut builder, variant| {
             let preamble = builder.preamble(&variant);
             let body = builder.body(&variant);
 
             let diag = &builder.parent.diag;
+            let DiagnosticDeriveKind::Diagnostic { handler } = &builder.parent.kind else {
+                unreachable!()
+            };
             let init = match builder.slug.value_ref() {
                 None => {
                     span_err(builder.span, "diagnostic slug not specified")
@@ -48,14 +52,17 @@ impl<'a> DiagnosticDerive<'a> {
                 }
             };
 
+            let formatting_init = &builder.formatting_init;
             quote! {
                 #init
+                #formatting_init
                 #preamble
                 #body
                 #diag
             }
         });
 
+        let DiagnosticDeriveKind::Diagnostic { handler } = &builder.kind else { unreachable!() };
         structure.gen_impl(quote! {
             gen impl<'__diagnostic_handler_sess, G>
                     rustc_errors::IntoDiagnostic<'__diagnostic_handler_sess, G>
@@ -96,17 +103,18 @@ impl<'a> LintDiagnosticDerive<'a> {
             let body = builder.body(&variant);
 
             let diag = &builder.parent.diag;
-
+            let formatting_init = &builder.formatting_init;
             quote! {
                 #preamble
+                #formatting_init
                 #body
                 #diag
             }
         });
 
         let msg = builder.each_variant(&mut structure, |mut builder, variant| {
-            // HACK(wafflelapkin): initialize slug (???)
-            let _preamble = builder.preamble(&variant);
+            // Collect the slug by generating the preamble.
+            let _ = builder.preamble(&variant);
 
             match builder.slug.value_ref() {
                 None => {
@@ -125,7 +133,10 @@ impl<'a> LintDiagnosticDerive<'a> {
         let diag = &builder.diag;
         structure.gen_impl(quote! {
             gen impl<'__a> rustc_errors::DecorateLint<'__a, ()> for @Self {
-                fn decorate_lint<'__b>(self, #diag: &'__b mut rustc_errors::DiagnosticBuilder<'__a, ()>) -> &'__b mut rustc_errors::DiagnosticBuilder<'__a, ()> {
+                fn decorate_lint<'__b>(
+                    self,
+                    #diag: &'__b mut rustc_errors::DiagnosticBuilder<'__a, ()>
+                ) -> &'__b mut rustc_errors::DiagnosticBuilder<'__a, ()> {
                     use rustc_errors::IntoDiagnosticArg;
                     #implementation
                 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_macros/src/diagnostics/diagnostic_builder.rs b/compiler/rustc_macros/src/diagnostics/diagnostic_builder.rs
index 9e88dc7a913a2..dcbe89251cb36 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_macros/src/diagnostics/diagnostic_builder.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_macros/src/diagnostics/diagnostic_builder.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ use crate::diagnostics::error::{
     DiagnosticDeriveError,
 };
 use crate::diagnostics::utils::{
-    bind_style_of_field, build_field_mapping, report_error_if_not_applied_to_span,
-    report_type_error, should_generate_set_arg, type_is_unit, type_matches_path, FieldInfo,
-    FieldInnerTy, FieldMap, HasFieldMap, SetOnce, SpannedOption, SubdiagnosticKind,
+    build_field_mapping, report_error_if_not_applied_to_span, report_type_error,
+    should_generate_set_arg, type_is_unit, type_matches_path, FieldInfo, FieldInnerTy, FieldMap,
+    HasFieldMap, SetOnce, SpannedOption, SubdiagnosticKind,
 };
 use proc_macro2::{Ident, Span, TokenStream};
 use quote::{format_ident, quote};
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ use syn::{
 use synstructure::{BindingInfo, Structure, VariantInfo};
 
 /// What kind of diagnostic is being derived - a fatal/error/warning or a lint?
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) enum DiagnosticDeriveKind {
-    Diagnostic,
+    Diagnostic { handler: syn::Ident },
     LintDiagnostic,
 }
 
@@ -40,6 +40,9 @@ pub(crate) struct DiagnosticDeriveVariantBuilder<'parent> {
     /// The parent builder for the entire type.
     pub parent: &'parent DiagnosticDeriveBuilder,
 
+    /// Initialization of format strings for code suggestions.
+    pub formatting_init: TokenStream,
+
     /// Span of the struct or the enum variant.
     pub span: proc_macro::Span,
 
@@ -88,19 +91,7 @@ impl DiagnosticDeriveBuilder {
             }
         }
 
-        for variant in structure.variants_mut() {
-            // First, change the binding style of each field based on the code that will be
-            // generated for the field - e.g. `set_arg` calls needs by-move bindings, whereas
-            // `set_primary_span` only needs by-ref.
-            variant.bind_with(|bi| bind_style_of_field(bi.ast()).0);
-
-            // Then, perform a stable sort on bindings which generates code for by-ref bindings
-            // before code generated for by-move bindings. Any code generated for the by-ref
-            // bindings which creates a reference to the by-move fields will happen before the
-            // by-move bindings move those fields and make them inaccessible.
-            variant.bindings_mut().sort_by_cached_key(|bi| bind_style_of_field(bi.ast()));
-        }
-
+        structure.bind_with(|_| synstructure::BindStyle::Move);
         let variants = structure.each_variant(|variant| {
             let span = match structure.ast().data {
                 syn::Data::Struct(..) => span,
@@ -112,6 +103,7 @@ impl DiagnosticDeriveBuilder {
                 parent: &self,
                 span,
                 field_map: build_field_mapping(variant),
+                formatting_init: TokenStream::new(),
                 slug: None,
                 code: None,
             };
@@ -143,16 +135,14 @@ impl<'a> DiagnosticDeriveVariantBuilder<'a> {
 
     /// Generates calls to `span_label` and similar functions based on the attributes on fields or
     /// calls to `set_arg` when no attributes are present.
-    ///
-    /// Expects use of `Self::each_variant` which will have sorted bindings so that by-ref bindings
-    /// (which may create references to by-move bindings) have their code generated first -
-    /// necessary as code for suggestions uses formatting machinery and the value of other fields
-    /// (any given field can be referenced multiple times, so must be accessed through a borrow);
-    /// and when passing fields to `add_subdiagnostic` or `set_arg` for Fluent, fields must be
-    /// accessed by-move.
     pub fn body<'s>(&mut self, variant: &VariantInfo<'s>) -> TokenStream {
         let mut body = quote! {};
-        for binding in variant.bindings() {
+        // Generate `set_arg` calls first..
+        for binding in variant.bindings().iter().filter(|bi| should_generate_set_arg(bi.ast())) {
+            body.extend(self.generate_field_code(binding));
+        }
+        // ..and then subdiagnostic additions.
+        for binding in variant.bindings().iter().filter(|bi| !should_generate_set_arg(bi.ast())) {
             body.extend(self.generate_field_attrs_code(binding));
         }
         body
@@ -274,24 +264,27 @@ impl<'a> DiagnosticDeriveVariantBuilder<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn generate_field_attrs_code(&mut self, binding_info: &BindingInfo<'_>) -> TokenStream {
+    fn generate_field_code(&mut self, binding_info: &BindingInfo<'_>) -> TokenStream {
+        let diag = &self.parent.diag;
+
         let field = binding_info.ast();
         let field_binding = &binding_info.binding;
 
-        if should_generate_set_arg(&field) {
-            let diag = &self.parent.diag;
-            let ident = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
-            // strip `r#` prefix, if present
-            let ident = format_ident!("{}", ident);
-            return quote! {
-                #diag.set_arg(
-                    stringify!(#ident),
-                    #field_binding
-                );
-            };
+        let ident = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let ident = format_ident!("{}", ident); // strip `r#` prefix, if present
+
+        quote! {
+            #diag.set_arg(
+                stringify!(#ident),
+                #field_binding
+            );
         }
+    }
+
+    fn generate_field_attrs_code(&mut self, binding_info: &BindingInfo<'_>) -> TokenStream {
+        let field = binding_info.ast();
+        let field_binding = &binding_info.binding;
 
-        let needs_move = bind_style_of_field(&field).is_move();
         let inner_ty = FieldInnerTy::from_type(&field.ty);
 
         field
@@ -304,10 +297,8 @@ impl<'a> DiagnosticDeriveVariantBuilder<'a> {
                 let (binding, needs_destructure) = if needs_clone {
                     // `primary_span` can accept a `Vec<Span>` so don't destructure that.
                     (quote! { #field_binding.clone() }, false)
-                } else if needs_move {
-                    (quote! { #field_binding }, true)
                 } else {
-                    (quote! { *#field_binding }, true)
+                    (quote! { #field_binding }, true)
                 };
 
                 let generated_code = self
@@ -340,18 +331,15 @@ impl<'a> DiagnosticDeriveVariantBuilder<'a> {
         let diag = &self.parent.diag;
         let meta = attr.parse_meta()?;
 
-        if let Meta::Path(_) = meta {
-            let ident = &attr.path.segments.last().unwrap().ident;
-            let name = ident.to_string();
-            let name = name.as_str();
-            match name {
-                "skip_arg" => {
-                    // Don't need to do anything - by virtue of the attribute existing, the
-                    // `set_arg` call will not be generated.
-                    return Ok(quote! {});
-                }
-                "primary_span" => match self.parent.kind {
-                    DiagnosticDeriveKind::Diagnostic => {
+        let ident = &attr.path.segments.last().unwrap().ident;
+        let name = ident.to_string();
+        match (&meta, name.as_str()) {
+            // Don't need to do anything - by virtue of the attribute existing, the
+            // `set_arg` call will not be generated.
+            (Meta::Path(_), "skip_arg") => return Ok(quote! {}),
+            (Meta::Path(_), "primary_span") => {
+                match self.parent.kind {
+                    DiagnosticDeriveKind::Diagnostic { .. } => {
                         report_error_if_not_applied_to_span(attr, &info)?;
 
                         return Ok(quote! {
@@ -363,10 +351,50 @@ impl<'a> DiagnosticDeriveVariantBuilder<'a> {
                             diag.help("the `primary_span` field attribute is not valid for lint diagnostics")
                         })
                     }
-                },
-                "subdiagnostic" => return Ok(quote! { #diag.subdiagnostic(#binding); }),
-                _ => {}
+                }
+            }
+            (Meta::Path(_), "subdiagnostic") => {
+                return Ok(quote! { #diag.subdiagnostic(#binding); });
+            }
+            (Meta::NameValue(_), "subdiagnostic") => {
+                throw_invalid_attr!(attr, &meta, |diag| {
+                    diag.help("`eager` is the only supported nested attribute for `subdiagnostic`")
+                })
+            }
+            (Meta::List(MetaList { ref nested, .. }), "subdiagnostic") => {
+                if nested.len() != 1 {
+                    throw_invalid_attr!(attr, &meta, |diag| {
+                        diag.help(
+                            "`eager` is the only supported nested attribute for `subdiagnostic`",
+                        )
+                    })
+                }
+
+                let handler = match &self.parent.kind {
+                    DiagnosticDeriveKind::Diagnostic { handler } => handler,
+                    DiagnosticDeriveKind::LintDiagnostic => {
+                        throw_invalid_attr!(attr, &meta, |diag| {
+                            diag.help("eager subdiagnostics are not supported on lints")
+                        })
+                    }
+                };
+
+                let nested_attr = nested.first().expect("pop failed for single element list");
+                match nested_attr {
+                    NestedMeta::Meta(meta @ Meta::Path(_))
+                        if meta.path().segments.last().unwrap().ident.to_string().as_str()
+                            == "eager" =>
+                    {
+                        return Ok(quote! { #diag.eager_subdiagnostic(#handler, #binding); });
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        throw_invalid_nested_attr!(attr, nested_attr, |diag| {
+                            diag.help("`eager` is the only supported nested attribute for `subdiagnostic`")
+                        })
+                    }
+                }
             }
+            _ => (),
         }
 
         let (subdiag, slug) = self.parse_subdiag_attribute(attr)?;
@@ -389,7 +417,8 @@ impl<'a> DiagnosticDeriveVariantBuilder<'a> {
             SubdiagnosticKind::Suggestion {
                 suggestion_kind,
                 applicability: static_applicability,
-                code,
+                code_field,
+                code_init,
             } => {
                 let (span_field, mut applicability) = self.span_and_applicability_of_ty(info)?;
 
@@ -402,11 +431,12 @@ impl<'a> DiagnosticDeriveVariantBuilder<'a> {
                     .unwrap_or_else(|| quote! { rustc_errors::Applicability::Unspecified });
                 let style = suggestion_kind.to_suggestion_style();
 
+                self.formatting_init.extend(code_init);
                 Ok(quote! {
                     #diag.span_suggestion_with_style(
                         #span_field,
                         rustc_errors::fluent::#slug,
-                        #code,
+                        #code_field,
                         #applicability,
                         #style
                     );
@@ -451,7 +481,7 @@ impl<'a> DiagnosticDeriveVariantBuilder<'a> {
             // If `ty` is `Span` w/out applicability, then use `Applicability::Unspecified`.
             ty @ Type::Path(..) if type_matches_path(ty, &["rustc_span", "Span"]) => {
                 let binding = &info.binding.binding;
-                Ok((quote!(*#binding), None))
+                Ok((quote!(#binding), None))
             }
             // If `ty` is `(Span, Applicability)` then return tokens accessing those.
             Type::Tuple(tup) => {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_macros/src/diagnostics/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_macros/src/diagnostics/mod.rs
index 4166816b5e3c7..f98cc66e9e93e 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_macros/src/diagnostics/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_macros/src/diagnostics/mod.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use diagnostic::{DiagnosticDerive, LintDiagnosticDerive};
 pub(crate) use fluent::fluent_messages;
 use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use quote::format_ident;
-use subdiagnostic::SubdiagnosticDerive;
+use subdiagnostic::SubdiagnosticDeriveBuilder;
 use synstructure::Structure;
 
 /// Implements `#[derive(Diagnostic)]`, which allows for errors to be specified as a struct,
@@ -155,5 +155,5 @@ pub fn lint_diagnostic_derive(s: Structure<'_>) -> TokenStream {
 /// diag.subdiagnostic(RawIdentifierSuggestion { span, applicability, ident });
 /// ```
 pub fn session_subdiagnostic_derive(s: Structure<'_>) -> TokenStream {
-    SubdiagnosticDerive::new(s).into_tokens()
+    SubdiagnosticDeriveBuilder::new().into_tokens(s)
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_macros/src/diagnostics/subdiagnostic.rs b/compiler/rustc_macros/src/diagnostics/subdiagnostic.rs
index 9a2588513f06d..3d4c3ab9fd7c9 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_macros/src/diagnostics/subdiagnostic.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_macros/src/diagnostics/subdiagnostic.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::diagnostics::error::{
     DiagnosticDeriveError,
 };
 use crate::diagnostics::utils::{
-    build_field_mapping, report_error_if_not_applied_to_applicability,
+    build_field_mapping, new_code_ident, report_error_if_not_applied_to_applicability,
     report_error_if_not_applied_to_span, FieldInfo, FieldInnerTy, FieldMap, HasFieldMap, SetOnce,
     SpannedOption, SubdiagnosticKind,
 };
@@ -15,19 +15,19 @@ use syn::{spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Meta, MetaList, MetaNameValue, NestedMeta
 use synstructure::{BindingInfo, Structure, VariantInfo};
 
 /// The central struct for constructing the `add_to_diagnostic` method from an annotated struct.
-pub(crate) struct SubdiagnosticDerive<'a> {
-    structure: Structure<'a>,
+pub(crate) struct SubdiagnosticDeriveBuilder {
     diag: syn::Ident,
+    f: syn::Ident,
 }
 
-impl<'a> SubdiagnosticDerive<'a> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(structure: Structure<'a>) -> Self {
+impl SubdiagnosticDeriveBuilder {
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
         let diag = format_ident!("diag");
-        Self { structure, diag }
+        let f = format_ident!("f");
+        Self { diag, f }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn into_tokens(self) -> TokenStream {
-        let SubdiagnosticDerive { mut structure, diag } = self;
+    pub(crate) fn into_tokens<'a>(self, mut structure: Structure<'a>) -> TokenStream {
         let implementation = {
             let ast = structure.ast();
             let span = ast.span().unwrap();
@@ -53,10 +53,11 @@ impl<'a> SubdiagnosticDerive<'a> {
 
             structure.bind_with(|_| synstructure::BindStyle::Move);
             let variants_ = structure.each_variant(|variant| {
-                let mut builder = SubdiagnosticDeriveBuilder {
-                    diag: &diag,
+                let mut builder = SubdiagnosticDeriveVariantBuilder {
+                    parent: &self,
                     variant,
                     span,
+                    formatting_init: TokenStream::new(),
                     fields: build_field_mapping(variant),
                     span_field: None,
                     applicability: None,
@@ -72,9 +73,17 @@ impl<'a> SubdiagnosticDerive<'a> {
             }
         };
 
+        let diag = &self.diag;
+        let f = &self.f;
         let ret = structure.gen_impl(quote! {
             gen impl rustc_errors::AddToDiagnostic for @Self {
-                fn add_to_diagnostic(self, #diag: &mut rustc_errors::Diagnostic) {
+                fn add_to_diagnostic_with<__F>(self, #diag: &mut rustc_errors::Diagnostic, #f: __F)
+                where
+                    __F: Fn(
+                        &mut rustc_errors::Diagnostic,
+                        rustc_errors::SubdiagnosticMessage
+                    ) -> rustc_errors::SubdiagnosticMessage,
+                {
                     use rustc_errors::{Applicability, IntoDiagnosticArg};
                     #implementation
                 }
@@ -88,15 +97,18 @@ impl<'a> SubdiagnosticDerive<'a> {
 /// for the final generated method. This is a separate struct to `SubdiagnosticDerive`
 /// only to be able to destructure and split `self.builder` and the `self.structure` up to avoid a
 /// double mut borrow later on.
-struct SubdiagnosticDeriveBuilder<'a> {
+struct SubdiagnosticDeriveVariantBuilder<'parent, 'a> {
     /// The identifier to use for the generated `DiagnosticBuilder` instance.
-    diag: &'a syn::Ident,
+    parent: &'parent SubdiagnosticDeriveBuilder,
 
     /// Info for the current variant (or the type if not an enum).
     variant: &'a VariantInfo<'a>,
     /// Span for the entire type.
     span: proc_macro::Span,
 
+    /// Initialization of format strings for code suggestions.
+    formatting_init: TokenStream,
+
     /// Store a map of field name to its corresponding field. This is built on construction of the
     /// derive builder.
     fields: FieldMap,
@@ -112,7 +124,7 @@ struct SubdiagnosticDeriveBuilder<'a> {
     has_suggestion_parts: bool,
 }
 
-impl<'a> HasFieldMap for SubdiagnosticDeriveBuilder<'a> {
+impl<'parent, 'a> HasFieldMap for SubdiagnosticDeriveVariantBuilder<'parent, 'a> {
     fn get_field_binding(&self, field: &String) -> Option<&TokenStream> {
         self.fields.get(field)
     }
@@ -156,7 +168,7 @@ impl<'a> FromIterator<&'a SubdiagnosticKind> for KindsStatistics {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> SubdiagnosticDeriveBuilder<'a> {
+impl<'parent, 'a> SubdiagnosticDeriveVariantBuilder<'parent, 'a> {
     fn identify_kind(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<(SubdiagnosticKind, Path)>, DiagnosticDeriveError> {
         let mut kind_slugs = vec![];
 
@@ -187,7 +199,7 @@ impl<'a> SubdiagnosticDeriveBuilder<'a> {
         let ast = binding.ast();
         assert_eq!(ast.attrs.len(), 0, "field with attribute used as diagnostic arg");
 
-        let diag = &self.diag;
+        let diag = &self.parent.diag;
         let ident = ast.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
         // strip `r#` prefix, if present
         let ident = format_ident!("{}", ident);
@@ -222,7 +234,7 @@ impl<'a> SubdiagnosticDeriveBuilder<'a> {
                 };
 
                 let generated = self
-                    .generate_field_code_inner(kind_stats, attr, info)
+                    .generate_field_code_inner(kind_stats, attr, info, inner_ty.will_iterate())
                     .unwrap_or_else(|v| v.to_compile_error());
 
                 inner_ty.with(binding, generated)
@@ -235,13 +247,18 @@ impl<'a> SubdiagnosticDeriveBuilder<'a> {
         kind_stats: KindsStatistics,
         attr: &Attribute,
         info: FieldInfo<'_>,
+        clone_suggestion_code: bool,
     ) -> Result<TokenStream, DiagnosticDeriveError> {
         let meta = attr.parse_meta()?;
         match meta {
             Meta::Path(path) => self.generate_field_code_inner_path(kind_stats, attr, info, path),
-            Meta::List(list @ MetaList { .. }) => {
-                self.generate_field_code_inner_list(kind_stats, attr, info, list)
-            }
+            Meta::List(list @ MetaList { .. }) => self.generate_field_code_inner_list(
+                kind_stats,
+                attr,
+                info,
+                list,
+                clone_suggestion_code,
+            ),
             _ => throw_invalid_attr!(attr, &meta),
         }
     }
@@ -345,6 +362,7 @@ impl<'a> SubdiagnosticDeriveBuilder<'a> {
         attr: &Attribute,
         info: FieldInfo<'_>,
         list: MetaList,
+        clone_suggestion_code: bool,
     ) -> Result<TokenStream, DiagnosticDeriveError> {
         let span = attr.span().unwrap();
         let ident = &list.path.segments.last().unwrap().ident;
@@ -382,7 +400,8 @@ impl<'a> SubdiagnosticDeriveBuilder<'a> {
                     match nested_name {
                         "code" => {
                             let formatted_str = self.build_format(&value.value(), value.span());
-                            code.set_once(formatted_str, span);
+                            let code_field = new_code_ident();
+                            code.set_once((code_field, formatted_str), span);
                         }
                         _ => throw_invalid_nested_attr!(attr, &nested_attr, |diag| {
                             diag.help("`code` is the only valid nested attribute")
@@ -390,14 +409,20 @@ impl<'a> SubdiagnosticDeriveBuilder<'a> {
                     }
                 }
 
-                let Some((code, _)) = code else {
+                let Some((code_field, formatted_str)) = code.value() else {
                     span_err(span, "`#[suggestion_part(...)]` attribute without `code = \"...\"`")
                         .emit();
                     return Ok(quote! {});
                 };
                 let binding = info.binding;
 
-                Ok(quote! { suggestions.push((#binding, #code)); })
+                self.formatting_init.extend(quote! { let #code_field = #formatted_str; });
+                let code_field = if clone_suggestion_code {
+                    quote! { #code_field.clone() }
+                } else {
+                    quote! { #code_field }
+                };
+                Ok(quote! { suggestions.push((#binding, #code_field)); })
             }
             _ => throw_invalid_attr!(attr, &Meta::List(list), |diag| {
                 let mut span_attrs = vec![];
@@ -442,13 +467,23 @@ impl<'a> SubdiagnosticDeriveBuilder<'a> {
 
         let span_field = self.span_field.value_ref();
 
-        let diag = &self.diag;
+        let diag = &self.parent.diag;
+        let f = &self.parent.f;
         let mut calls = TokenStream::new();
         for (kind, slug) in kind_slugs {
+            let message = format_ident!("__message");
+            calls.extend(quote! { let #message = #f(#diag, rustc_errors::fluent::#slug.into()); });
+
             let name = format_ident!("{}{}", if span_field.is_some() { "span_" } else { "" }, kind);
-            let message = quote! { rustc_errors::fluent::#slug };
             let call = match kind {
-                SubdiagnosticKind::Suggestion { suggestion_kind, applicability, code } => {
+                SubdiagnosticKind::Suggestion {
+                    suggestion_kind,
+                    applicability,
+                    code_init,
+                    code_field,
+                } => {
+                    self.formatting_init.extend(code_init);
+
                     let applicability = applicability
                         .value()
                         .map(|a| quote! { #a })
@@ -457,8 +492,7 @@ impl<'a> SubdiagnosticDeriveBuilder<'a> {
 
                     if let Some(span) = span_field {
                         let style = suggestion_kind.to_suggestion_style();
-
-                        quote! { #diag.#name(#span, #message, #code, #applicability, #style); }
+                        quote! { #diag.#name(#span, #message, #code_field, #applicability, #style); }
                     } else {
                         span_err(self.span, "suggestion without `#[primary_span]` field").emit();
                         quote! { unreachable!(); }
@@ -499,6 +533,7 @@ impl<'a> SubdiagnosticDeriveBuilder<'a> {
                     }
                 }
             };
+
             calls.extend(call);
         }
 
@@ -510,11 +545,13 @@ impl<'a> SubdiagnosticDeriveBuilder<'a> {
             .map(|binding| self.generate_field_set_arg(binding))
             .collect();
 
+        let formatting_init = &self.formatting_init;
         Ok(quote! {
             #init
+            #formatting_init
             #attr_args
-            #calls
             #plain_args
+            #calls
         })
     }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_macros/src/diagnostics/utils.rs b/compiler/rustc_macros/src/diagnostics/utils.rs
index 162699c286872..4fd4adc511267 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_macros/src/diagnostics/utils.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_macros/src/diagnostics/utils.rs
@@ -4,16 +4,29 @@ use crate::diagnostics::error::{
 use proc_macro::Span;
 use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use quote::{format_ident, quote, ToTokens};
-use std::cmp::Ordering;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::collections::{BTreeSet, HashMap};
 use std::fmt;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 use syn::{spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Field, Meta, Type, TypeTuple};
 use syn::{MetaList, MetaNameValue, NestedMeta, Path};
-use synstructure::{BindStyle, BindingInfo, VariantInfo};
+use synstructure::{BindingInfo, VariantInfo};
 
 use super::error::invalid_nested_attr;
 
+thread_local! {
+    pub static CODE_IDENT_COUNT: RefCell<u32> = RefCell::new(0);
+}
+
+/// Returns an ident of the form `__code_N` where `N` is incremented once with every call.
+pub(crate) fn new_code_ident() -> syn::Ident {
+    CODE_IDENT_COUNT.with(|count| {
+        let ident = format_ident!("__code_{}", *count.borrow());
+        *count.borrow_mut() += 1;
+        ident
+    })
+}
+
 /// Checks whether the type name of `ty` matches `name`.
 ///
 /// Given some struct at `a::b::c::Foo`, this will return true for `c::Foo`, `b::c::Foo`, or
@@ -142,6 +155,15 @@ impl<'ty> FieldInnerTy<'ty> {
         unreachable!();
     }
 
+    /// Returns `true` if `FieldInnerTy::with` will result in iteration for this inner type (i.e.
+    /// that cloning might be required for values moved in the loop body).
+    pub(crate) fn will_iterate(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            FieldInnerTy::Vec(..) => true,
+            FieldInnerTy::Option(..) | FieldInnerTy::None => false,
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Returns `Option` containing inner type if there is one.
     pub(crate) fn inner_type(&self) -> Option<&'ty Type> {
         match self {
@@ -434,7 +456,12 @@ pub(super) enum SubdiagnosticKind {
     Suggestion {
         suggestion_kind: SuggestionKind,
         applicability: SpannedOption<Applicability>,
-        code: TokenStream,
+        /// Identifier for variable used for formatted code, e.g. `___code_0`. Enables separation
+        /// of formatting and diagnostic emission so that `set_arg` calls can happen in-between..
+        code_field: syn::Ident,
+        /// Initialization logic for `code_field`'s variable, e.g.
+        /// `let __formatted_code = /* whatever */;`
+        code_init: TokenStream,
     },
     /// `#[multipart_suggestion{,_short,_hidden,_verbose}]`
     MultipartSuggestion {
@@ -469,7 +496,8 @@ impl SubdiagnosticKind {
                     SubdiagnosticKind::Suggestion {
                         suggestion_kind,
                         applicability: None,
-                        code: TokenStream::new(),
+                        code_field: new_code_ident(),
+                        code_init: TokenStream::new(),
                     }
                 } else if let Some(suggestion_kind) =
                     name.strip_prefix("multipart_suggestion").and_then(|s| s.parse().ok())
@@ -548,9 +576,10 @@ impl SubdiagnosticKind {
             };
 
             match (nested_name, &mut kind) {
-                ("code", SubdiagnosticKind::Suggestion { .. }) => {
+                ("code", SubdiagnosticKind::Suggestion { code_field, .. }) => {
                     let formatted_str = fields.build_format(&value.value(), value.span());
-                    code.set_once(formatted_str, span);
+                    let code_init = quote! { let #code_field = #formatted_str; };
+                    code.set_once(code_init, span);
                 }
                 (
                     "applicability",
@@ -582,13 +611,13 @@ impl SubdiagnosticKind {
         }
 
         match kind {
-            SubdiagnosticKind::Suggestion { code: ref mut code_field, .. } => {
-                *code_field = if let Some((code, _)) = code {
-                    code
+            SubdiagnosticKind::Suggestion { ref code_field, ref mut code_init, .. } => {
+                *code_init = if let Some(init) = code.value() {
+                    init
                 } else {
                     span_err(span, "suggestion without `code = \"...\"`").emit();
-                    quote! { "" }
-                }
+                    quote! { let #code_field: String = unreachable!(); }
+                };
             }
             SubdiagnosticKind::Label
             | SubdiagnosticKind::Note
@@ -620,65 +649,8 @@ impl quote::IdentFragment for SubdiagnosticKind {
     }
 }
 
-/// Wrapper around `synstructure::BindStyle` which implements `Ord`.
-#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub(super) struct OrderedBindStyle(pub(super) BindStyle);
-
-impl OrderedBindStyle {
-    /// Is `BindStyle::Move` or `BindStyle::MoveMut`?
-    pub(super) fn is_move(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self.0, BindStyle::Move | BindStyle::MoveMut)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Ord for OrderedBindStyle {
-    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
-        match (self.is_move(), other.is_move()) {
-            // If both `self` and `other` are the same, then ordering is equal.
-            (true, true) | (false, false) => Ordering::Equal,
-            // If `self` is not a move then it should be considered less than `other` (so that
-            // references are sorted first).
-            (false, _) => Ordering::Less,
-            // If `self` is a move then it must be greater than `other` (again, so that references
-            // are sorted first).
-            (true, _) => Ordering::Greater,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl PartialOrd for OrderedBindStyle {
-    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
-        Some(self.cmp(other))
-    }
-}
-
 /// Returns `true` if `field` should generate a `set_arg` call rather than any other diagnostic
 /// call (like `span_label`).
 pub(super) fn should_generate_set_arg(field: &Field) -> bool {
     field.attrs.is_empty()
 }
-
-/// Returns `true` if `field` needs to have code generated in the by-move branch of the
-/// generated derive rather than the by-ref branch.
-pub(super) fn bind_style_of_field(field: &Field) -> OrderedBindStyle {
-    let generates_set_arg = should_generate_set_arg(field);
-    let is_multispan = type_matches_path(&field.ty, &["rustc_errors", "MultiSpan"]);
-    // FIXME(davidtwco): better support for one field needing to be in the by-move and
-    // by-ref branches.
-    let is_subdiagnostic = field
-        .attrs
-        .iter()
-        .map(|attr| attr.path.segments.last().unwrap().ident.to_string())
-        .any(|attr| attr == "subdiagnostic");
-
-    // `set_arg` calls take their argument by-move..
-    let needs_move = generates_set_arg
-        // If this is a `MultiSpan` field then it needs to be moved to be used by any
-        // attribute..
-        || is_multispan
-        // If this a `#[subdiagnostic]` then it needs to be moved as the other diagnostic is
-        // unlikely to be `Copy`..
-        || is_subdiagnostic;
-
-    OrderedBindStyle(if needs_move { BindStyle::Move } else { BindStyle::Ref })
-}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/encoder.rs b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/encoder.rs
index 3fc10197b9129..68119598285c5 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/encoder.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/encoder.rs
@@ -1059,6 +1059,43 @@ fn should_encode_const(def_kind: DefKind) -> bool {
     }
 }
 
+fn should_encode_constness(def_kind: DefKind) -> bool {
+    match def_kind {
+        DefKind::Struct
+        | DefKind::Union
+        | DefKind::Enum
+        | DefKind::Trait
+        | DefKind::AssocTy
+        | DefKind::Fn
+        | DefKind::Const
+        | DefKind::Static(..)
+        | DefKind::Ctor(..)
+        | DefKind::AssocFn
+        | DefKind::AssocConst
+        | DefKind::AnonConst
+        | DefKind::InlineConst
+        | DefKind::OpaqueTy
+        | DefKind::ImplTraitPlaceholder
+        | DefKind::Impl
+        | DefKind::Closure
+        | DefKind::Generator
+        | DefKind::TyAlias => true,
+        DefKind::Variant
+        | DefKind::TraitAlias
+        | DefKind::ForeignTy
+        | DefKind::Field
+        | DefKind::TyParam
+        | DefKind::Mod
+        | DefKind::ForeignMod
+        | DefKind::ConstParam
+        | DefKind::Macro(..)
+        | DefKind::Use
+        | DefKind::LifetimeParam
+        | DefKind::GlobalAsm
+        | DefKind::ExternCrate => false,
+    }
+}
+
 fn should_encode_trait_impl_trait_tys<'tcx>(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, def_id: DefId) -> bool {
     if tcx.def_kind(def_id) != DefKind::AssocFn {
         return false;
@@ -1165,6 +1202,9 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> EncodeContext<'a, 'tcx> {
             {
                 record!(self.tables.trait_impl_trait_tys[def_id] <- table);
             }
+            if should_encode_constness(def_kind) {
+                self.tables.constness.set(def_id.index, tcx.constness(def_id));
+            }
         }
         let inherent_impls = tcx.crate_inherent_impls(());
         for (def_id, implementations) in inherent_impls.inherent_impls.iter() {
@@ -1192,7 +1232,6 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> EncodeContext<'a, 'tcx> {
         };
 
         record!(self.tables.variant_data[def_id] <- data);
-        self.tables.constness.set(def_id.index, hir::Constness::Const);
         record_array!(self.tables.children[def_id] <- variant.fields.iter().map(|f| {
             assert!(f.did.is_local());
             f.did.index
@@ -1220,7 +1259,6 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> EncodeContext<'a, 'tcx> {
         };
 
         record!(self.tables.variant_data[def_id] <- data);
-        self.tables.constness.set(def_id.index, hir::Constness::Const);
         if variant.ctor_kind == CtorKind::Fn {
             record!(self.tables.fn_sig[def_id] <- tcx.fn_sig(def_id));
         }
@@ -1284,7 +1322,6 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> EncodeContext<'a, 'tcx> {
 
         record!(self.tables.repr_options[def_id] <- adt_def.repr());
         record!(self.tables.variant_data[def_id] <- data);
-        self.tables.constness.set(def_id.index, hir::Constness::Const);
         if variant.ctor_kind == CtorKind::Fn {
             record!(self.tables.fn_sig[def_id] <- tcx.fn_sig(def_id));
         }
@@ -1320,7 +1357,6 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> EncodeContext<'a, 'tcx> {
                     }
                 };
                 self.tables.asyncness.set(def_id.index, m_sig.header.asyncness);
-                self.tables.constness.set(def_id.index, hir::Constness::NotConst);
             }
             ty::AssocKind::Type => {
                 self.encode_explicit_item_bounds(def_id);
@@ -1345,13 +1381,6 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> EncodeContext<'a, 'tcx> {
                 let hir::ImplItemKind::Fn(ref sig, body) = ast_item.kind else { bug!() };
                 self.tables.asyncness.set(def_id.index, sig.header.asyncness);
                 record_array!(self.tables.fn_arg_names[def_id] <- self.tcx.hir().body_param_names(body));
-                // Can be inside `impl const Trait`, so using sig.header.constness is not reliable
-                let constness = if self.tcx.is_const_fn_raw(def_id) {
-                    hir::Constness::Const
-                } else {
-                    hir::Constness::NotConst
-                };
-                self.tables.constness.set(def_id.index, constness);
             }
             ty::AssocKind::Const | ty::AssocKind::Type => {}
         }
@@ -1474,7 +1503,6 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> EncodeContext<'a, 'tcx> {
             hir::ItemKind::Fn(ref sig, .., body) => {
                 self.tables.asyncness.set(def_id.index, sig.header.asyncness);
                 record_array!(self.tables.fn_arg_names[def_id] <- self.tcx.hir().body_param_names(body));
-                self.tables.constness.set(def_id.index, sig.header.constness);
             }
             hir::ItemKind::Macro(ref macro_def, _) => {
                 if macro_def.macro_rules {
@@ -1495,7 +1523,6 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> EncodeContext<'a, 'tcx> {
             hir::ItemKind::Struct(ref struct_def, _) => {
                 let adt_def = self.tcx.adt_def(def_id);
                 record!(self.tables.repr_options[def_id] <- adt_def.repr());
-                self.tables.constness.set(def_id.index, hir::Constness::Const);
 
                 // Encode def_ids for each field and method
                 // for methods, write all the stuff get_trait_method
@@ -1524,9 +1551,8 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> EncodeContext<'a, 'tcx> {
                     is_non_exhaustive: variant.is_field_list_non_exhaustive(),
                 });
             }
-            hir::ItemKind::Impl(hir::Impl { defaultness, constness, .. }) => {
+            hir::ItemKind::Impl(hir::Impl { defaultness, .. }) => {
                 self.tables.impl_defaultness.set(def_id.index, *defaultness);
-                self.tables.constness.set(def_id.index, *constness);
 
                 let trait_ref = self.tcx.impl_trait_ref(def_id);
                 if let Some(trait_ref) = trait_ref {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_query_system/src/error.rs b/compiler/rustc_query_system/src/error.rs
index 8602a4cf5aef2..1e74e0e299099 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_query_system/src/error.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_query_system/src/error.rs
@@ -1,19 +1,15 @@
-use rustc_errors::AddToDiagnostic;
 use rustc_macros::{Diagnostic, Subdiagnostic};
 use rustc_session::Limit;
 use rustc_span::{Span, Symbol};
 
+#[derive(Subdiagnostic)]
+#[note(query_system::cycle_stack_middle)]
 pub struct CycleStack {
+    #[primary_span]
     pub span: Span,
     pub desc: String,
 }
 
-impl AddToDiagnostic for CycleStack {
-    fn add_to_diagnostic(self, diag: &mut rustc_errors::Diagnostic) {
-        diag.span_note(self.span, &format!("...which requires {}...", self.desc));
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Copy, Clone)]
 pub enum HandleCycleError {
     Error,
@@ -53,7 +49,7 @@ pub struct Cycle {
     #[primary_span]
     pub span: Span,
     pub stack_bottom: String,
-    #[subdiagnostic]
+    #[subdiagnostic(eager)]
     pub cycle_stack: Vec<CycleStack>,
     #[subdiagnostic]
     pub stack_count: StackCount,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_query_system/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_query_system/src/lib.rs
index 8f6da73d1f2d2..f47760e9ae6c8 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_query_system/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_query_system/src/lib.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 #![feature(min_specialization)]
 #![feature(extern_types)]
 #![allow(rustc::potential_query_instability)]
-// #![deny(rustc::untranslatable_diagnostic)]
+#![deny(rustc::untranslatable_diagnostic)]
 #![deny(rustc::diagnostic_outside_of_impl)]
 
 #[macro_use]
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ty_utils/src/ty.rs b/compiler/rustc_ty_utils/src/ty.rs
index cd9d229640571..196d70614e7c9 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ty_utils/src/ty.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ty_utils/src/ty.rs
@@ -137,77 +137,10 @@ fn param_env(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, def_id: DefId) -> ty::ParamEnv<'_> {
     let local_did = def_id.as_local();
     let hir_id = local_did.map(|def_id| tcx.hir().local_def_id_to_hir_id(def_id));
 
-    let constness = match hir_id {
-        Some(hir_id) => match tcx.hir().get(hir_id) {
-            hir::Node::TraitItem(hir::TraitItem { kind: hir::TraitItemKind::Fn(..), .. })
-                if tcx.is_const_default_method(def_id) =>
-            {
-                hir::Constness::Const
-            }
-
-            hir::Node::Item(hir::Item { kind: hir::ItemKind::Const(..), .. })
-            | hir::Node::Item(hir::Item { kind: hir::ItemKind::Static(..), .. })
-            | hir::Node::TraitItem(hir::TraitItem {
-                kind: hir::TraitItemKind::Const(..), ..
-            })
-            | hir::Node::AnonConst(_)
-            | hir::Node::ImplItem(hir::ImplItem { kind: hir::ImplItemKind::Const(..), .. })
-            | hir::Node::ImplItem(hir::ImplItem {
-                kind:
-                    hir::ImplItemKind::Fn(
-                        hir::FnSig {
-                            header: hir::FnHeader { constness: hir::Constness::Const, .. },
-                            ..
-                        },
-                        ..,
-                    ),
-                ..
-            }) => hir::Constness::Const,
-
-            hir::Node::ImplItem(hir::ImplItem {
-                kind: hir::ImplItemKind::Type(..) | hir::ImplItemKind::Fn(..),
-                ..
-            }) => {
-                let parent_hir_id = tcx.hir().get_parent_node(hir_id);
-                match tcx.hir().get(parent_hir_id) {
-                    hir::Node::Item(hir::Item {
-                        kind: hir::ItemKind::Impl(hir::Impl { constness, .. }),
-                        ..
-                    }) => *constness,
-                    _ => span_bug!(
-                        tcx.def_span(parent_hir_id.owner),
-                        "impl item's parent node is not an impl",
-                    ),
-                }
-            }
-
-            hir::Node::Item(hir::Item {
-                kind:
-                    hir::ItemKind::Fn(hir::FnSig { header: hir::FnHeader { constness, .. }, .. }, ..),
-                ..
-            })
-            | hir::Node::TraitItem(hir::TraitItem {
-                kind:
-                    hir::TraitItemKind::Fn(
-                        hir::FnSig { header: hir::FnHeader { constness, .. }, .. },
-                        ..,
-                    ),
-                ..
-            })
-            | hir::Node::Item(hir::Item {
-                kind: hir::ItemKind::Impl(hir::Impl { constness, .. }),
-                ..
-            }) => *constness,
-
-            _ => hir::Constness::NotConst,
-        },
-        None => hir::Constness::NotConst,
-    };
-
     let unnormalized_env = ty::ParamEnv::new(
         tcx.intern_predicates(&predicates),
         traits::Reveal::UserFacing,
-        constness,
+        tcx.constness(def_id),
     );
 
     let body_id =
diff --git a/library/std/src/os/fd/owned.rs b/library/std/src/os/fd/owned.rs
index 9875c389d8aaf..9d758320cfcc6 100644
--- a/library/std/src/os/fd/owned.rs
+++ b/library/std/src/os/fd/owned.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 use super::raw::{AsRawFd, FromRawFd, IntoRawFd, RawFd};
 use crate::fmt;
 use crate::fs;
+use crate::io;
 use crate::marker::PhantomData;
 use crate::mem::forget;
 #[cfg(not(any(target_arch = "wasm32", target_env = "sgx")))]
@@ -385,3 +386,54 @@ impl<T: AsFd> AsFd for Box<T> {
         (**self).as_fd()
     }
 }
+
+#[stable(feature = "io_safety", since = "1.63.0")]
+impl AsFd for io::Stdin {
+    #[inline]
+    fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
+        unsafe { BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(0) }
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "io_safety", since = "1.63.0")]
+impl<'a> AsFd for io::StdinLock<'a> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
+        // SAFETY: user code should not close stdin out from under the standard library
+        unsafe { BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(0) }
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "io_safety", since = "1.63.0")]
+impl AsFd for io::Stdout {
+    #[inline]
+    fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
+        unsafe { BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(1) }
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "io_safety", since = "1.63.0")]
+impl<'a> AsFd for io::StdoutLock<'a> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
+        // SAFETY: user code should not close stdout out from under the standard library
+        unsafe { BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(1) }
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "io_safety", since = "1.63.0")]
+impl AsFd for io::Stderr {
+    #[inline]
+    fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
+        unsafe { BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(2) }
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "io_safety", since = "1.63.0")]
+impl<'a> AsFd for io::StderrLock<'a> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
+        // SAFETY: user code should not close stderr out from under the standard library
+        unsafe { BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(2) }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/library/std/src/sys/unix/stdio.rs b/library/std/src/sys/unix/stdio.rs
index 329f9433dba0e..b3626c564e86a 100644
--- a/library/std/src/sys/unix/stdio.rs
+++ b/library/std/src/sys/unix/stdio.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::io::{self, IoSlice, IoSliceMut};
 use crate::mem::ManuallyDrop;
-use crate::os::unix::io::{AsFd, BorrowedFd, FromRawFd};
+use crate::os::unix::io::FromRawFd;
 use crate::sys::fd::FileDesc;
 
 pub struct Stdin(());
@@ -91,51 +91,3 @@ pub const STDIN_BUF_SIZE: usize = crate::sys_common::io::DEFAULT_BUF_SIZE;
 pub fn panic_output() -> Option<impl io::Write> {
     Some(Stderr::new())
 }
-
-#[stable(feature = "io_safety", since = "1.63.0")]
-impl AsFd for io::Stdin {
-    #[inline]
-    fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
-        unsafe { BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(libc::STDIN_FILENO) }
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "io_safety", since = "1.63.0")]
-impl<'a> AsFd for io::StdinLock<'a> {
-    #[inline]
-    fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
-        unsafe { BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(libc::STDIN_FILENO) }
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "io_safety", since = "1.63.0")]
-impl AsFd for io::Stdout {
-    #[inline]
-    fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
-        unsafe { BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(libc::STDOUT_FILENO) }
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "io_safety", since = "1.63.0")]
-impl<'a> AsFd for io::StdoutLock<'a> {
-    #[inline]
-    fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
-        unsafe { BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(libc::STDOUT_FILENO) }
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "io_safety", since = "1.63.0")]
-impl AsFd for io::Stderr {
-    #[inline]
-    fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
-        unsafe { BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(libc::STDERR_FILENO) }
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "io_safety", since = "1.63.0")]
-impl<'a> AsFd for io::StderrLock<'a> {
-    #[inline]
-    fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
-        unsafe { BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(libc::STDERR_FILENO) }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/library/std/src/sys/wasi/stdio.rs b/library/std/src/sys/wasi/stdio.rs
index bf045c7841f63..4cc0e4ed5a45a 100644
--- a/library/std/src/sys/wasi/stdio.rs
+++ b/library/std/src/sys/wasi/stdio.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use super::fd::WasiFd;
 use crate::io::{self, IoSlice, IoSliceMut};
 use crate::mem::ManuallyDrop;
 use crate::os::raw;
-use crate::os::wasi::io::{AsFd, AsRawFd, BorrowedFd, FromRawFd};
+use crate::os::wasi::io::{AsRawFd, FromRawFd};
 
 pub struct Stdin;
 pub struct Stdout;
@@ -23,22 +23,6 @@ impl AsRawFd for Stdin {
     }
 }
 
-impl AsFd for Stdin {
-    #[inline]
-    fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
-        unsafe { BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(0) }
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "io_safety", since = "1.63.0")]
-impl<'a> AsFd for io::StdinLock<'a> {
-    #[inline]
-    fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
-        // SAFETY: user code should not close stdin out from under the standard library
-        unsafe { BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(0) }
-    }
-}
-
 impl io::Read for Stdin {
     fn read(&mut self, data: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
         self.read_vectored(&mut [IoSliceMut::new(data)])
@@ -67,22 +51,6 @@ impl AsRawFd for Stdout {
     }
 }
 
-impl AsFd for Stdout {
-    #[inline]
-    fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
-        unsafe { BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(1) }
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "io_safety", since = "1.63.0")]
-impl<'a> AsFd for io::StdoutLock<'a> {
-    #[inline]
-    fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
-        // SAFETY: user code should not close stdout out from under the standard library
-        unsafe { BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(1) }
-    }
-}
-
 impl io::Write for Stdout {
     fn write(&mut self, data: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
         self.write_vectored(&[IoSlice::new(data)])
@@ -114,22 +82,6 @@ impl AsRawFd for Stderr {
     }
 }
 
-impl AsFd for Stderr {
-    #[inline]
-    fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
-        unsafe { BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(2) }
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "io_safety", since = "1.63.0")]
-impl<'a> AsFd for io::StderrLock<'a> {
-    #[inline]
-    fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
-        // SAFETY: user code should not close stderr out from under the standard library
-        unsafe { BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(2) }
-    }
-}
-
 impl io::Write for Stderr {
     fn write(&mut self, data: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
         self.write_vectored(&[IoSlice::new(data)])
diff --git a/src/doc/embedded-book b/src/doc/embedded-book
index 4ce51cb7441a6..c533348edd69f 160000
--- a/src/doc/embedded-book
+++ b/src/doc/embedded-book
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 4ce51cb7441a6f02b5bf9b07b2eb755c21ab7954
+Subproject commit c533348edd69f11a8f4225d633a05d7093fddbf3
diff --git a/src/doc/nomicon b/src/doc/nomicon
index f53bfa0569292..9c73283775466 160000
--- a/src/doc/nomicon
+++ b/src/doc/nomicon
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit f53bfa056929217870a5d2df1366d2e7ba35096d
+Subproject commit 9c73283775466d22208a0b28afcab44db4c0cc10
diff --git a/src/doc/reference b/src/doc/reference
index a7cdac33ca735..f6ed74f582bdd 160000
--- a/src/doc/reference
+++ b/src/doc/reference
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit a7cdac33ca7356ad49d5c2b5e2c5010889b33eee
+Subproject commit f6ed74f582bddcec73f753eafaab3749c4f7df61
diff --git a/src/doc/rust-by-example b/src/doc/rust-by-example
index 767a6bd9727a5..5e7b296d6c345 160000
--- a/src/doc/rust-by-example
+++ b/src/doc/rust-by-example
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 767a6bd9727a596d7cfdbaeee475e65b2670ea3a
+Subproject commit 5e7b296d6c345addbd748f242aae28c42555c015
diff --git a/src/doc/rustc-dev-guide b/src/doc/rustc-dev-guide
index 9a86c0467bbe4..7518c3445dc02 160000
--- a/src/doc/rustc-dev-guide
+++ b/src/doc/rustc-dev-guide
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 9a86c0467bbe42056f73fdf5b03fff757d7c4a9b
+Subproject commit 7518c3445dc02df0d196f5f84e568d633c5141fb
diff --git a/src/librustdoc/doctest.rs b/src/librustdoc/doctest.rs
index f4ec60735a8dd..d9160e8abd4e3 100644
--- a/src/librustdoc/doctest.rs
+++ b/src/librustdoc/doctest.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ use rustc_session::{lint, DiagnosticOutput, Session};
 use rustc_span::edition::Edition;
 use rustc_span::source_map::SourceMap;
 use rustc_span::symbol::sym;
-use rustc_span::Symbol;
 use rustc_span::{BytePos, FileName, Pos, Span, DUMMY_SP};
 use rustc_target::spec::TargetTriple;
 use tempfile::Builder as TempFileBuilder;
@@ -125,7 +124,7 @@ pub(crate) fn run(options: RustdocOptions) -> Result<(), ErrorGuaranteed> {
                     let opts = scrape_test_config(crate_attrs);
                     let enable_per_target_ignores = options.enable_per_target_ignores;
                     let mut collector = Collector::new(
-                        tcx.crate_name(LOCAL_CRATE),
+                        tcx.crate_name(LOCAL_CRATE).to_string(),
                         options,
                         false,
                         opts,
@@ -909,7 +908,7 @@ pub(crate) struct Collector {
     rustdoc_options: RustdocOptions,
     use_headers: bool,
     enable_per_target_ignores: bool,
-    crate_name: Symbol,
+    crate_name: String,
     opts: GlobalTestOptions,
     position: Span,
     source_map: Option<Lrc<SourceMap>>,
@@ -921,7 +920,7 @@ pub(crate) struct Collector {
 
 impl Collector {
     pub(crate) fn new(
-        crate_name: Symbol,
+        crate_name: String,
         rustdoc_options: RustdocOptions,
         use_headers: bool,
         opts: GlobalTestOptions,
@@ -984,7 +983,7 @@ impl Tester for Collector {
     fn add_test(&mut self, test: String, config: LangString, line: usize) {
         let filename = self.get_filename();
         let name = self.generate_name(line, &filename);
-        let crate_name = self.crate_name.to_string();
+        let crate_name = self.crate_name.clone();
         let opts = self.opts.clone();
         let edition = config.edition.unwrap_or(self.rustdoc_options.edition);
         let rustdoc_options = self.rustdoc_options.clone();
diff --git a/src/librustdoc/html/static/css/rustdoc.css b/src/librustdoc/html/static/css/rustdoc.css
index f5b0d15d733aa..894c7328b5f89 100644
--- a/src/librustdoc/html/static/css/rustdoc.css
+++ b/src/librustdoc/html/static/css/rustdoc.css
@@ -563,8 +563,6 @@ h2.location a {
 .rustdoc .example-wrap {
 	display: flex;
 	position: relative;
-}
-.rustdoc .example-wrap {
 	margin-bottom: 10px;
 }
 /* For the last child of a div, the margin will be taken care of
@@ -718,7 +716,6 @@ nav.sub {
 .source nav.sub {
 	margin-left: 32px;
 }
-nav.sum { text-align: right; }
 nav.sub form { display: inline; }
 
 a {
diff --git a/src/librustdoc/lib.rs b/src/librustdoc/lib.rs
index ef01b854e5a69..7e0cc668d7b59 100644
--- a/src/librustdoc/lib.rs
+++ b/src/librustdoc/lib.rs
@@ -674,39 +674,6 @@ fn usage(argv0: &str) {
 /// A result type used by several functions under `main()`.
 type MainResult = Result<(), ErrorGuaranteed>;
 
-fn main_args(at_args: &[String]) -> MainResult {
-    let args = rustc_driver::args::arg_expand_all(at_args);
-
-    let mut options = getopts::Options::new();
-    for option in opts() {
-        (option.apply)(&mut options);
-    }
-    let matches = match options.parse(&args[1..]) {
-        Ok(m) => m,
-        Err(err) => {
-            early_error(ErrorOutputType::default(), &err.to_string());
-        }
-    };
-
-    // Note that we discard any distinction between different non-zero exit
-    // codes from `from_matches` here.
-    let options = match config::Options::from_matches(&matches, args) {
-        Ok(opts) => opts,
-        Err(code) => {
-            return if code == 0 {
-                Ok(())
-            } else {
-                Err(ErrorGuaranteed::unchecked_claim_error_was_emitted())
-            };
-        }
-    };
-    rustc_interface::util::run_in_thread_pool_with_globals(
-        options.edition,
-        1, // this runs single-threaded, even in a parallel compiler
-        move || main_options(options),
-    )
-}
-
 fn wrap_return(diag: &rustc_errors::Handler, res: Result<(), String>) -> MainResult {
     match res {
         Ok(()) => Ok(()),
@@ -737,7 +704,33 @@ fn run_renderer<'tcx, T: formats::FormatRenderer<'tcx>>(
     }
 }
 
-fn main_options(options: config::Options) -> MainResult {
+fn main_args(at_args: &[String]) -> MainResult {
+    let args = rustc_driver::args::arg_expand_all(at_args);
+
+    let mut options = getopts::Options::new();
+    for option in opts() {
+        (option.apply)(&mut options);
+    }
+    let matches = match options.parse(&args[1..]) {
+        Ok(m) => m,
+        Err(err) => {
+            early_error(ErrorOutputType::default(), &err.to_string());
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Note that we discard any distinction between different non-zero exit
+    // codes from `from_matches` here.
+    let options = match config::Options::from_matches(&matches, args) {
+        Ok(opts) => opts,
+        Err(code) => {
+            return if code == 0 {
+                Ok(())
+            } else {
+                Err(ErrorGuaranteed::unchecked_claim_error_was_emitted())
+            };
+        }
+    };
+
     let diag = core::new_handler(
         options.error_format,
         None,
@@ -749,9 +742,12 @@ fn main_options(options: config::Options) -> MainResult {
         (true, true) => return wrap_return(&diag, markdown::test(options)),
         (true, false) => return doctest::run(options),
         (false, true) => {
+            // Session globals are required for symbol interning.
             return wrap_return(
                 &diag,
-                markdown::render(&options.input, options.render_options, options.edition),
+                rustc_span::create_session_globals_then(options.edition, || {
+                    markdown::render(&options.input, options.render_options, options.edition)
+                }),
             );
         }
         (false, false) => {}
@@ -777,9 +773,10 @@ fn main_options(options: config::Options) -> MainResult {
     let render_options = options.render_options.clone();
     let scrape_examples_options = options.scrape_examples_options.clone();
     let document_private = options.render_options.document_private;
+
     let config = core::create_config(options);
 
-    interface::create_compiler_and_run(config, |compiler| {
+    interface::run_compiler(config, |compiler| {
         let sess = compiler.session();
 
         if sess.opts.describe_lints {
diff --git a/src/librustdoc/markdown.rs b/src/librustdoc/markdown.rs
index 0b557ef244e94..eb64ac455dc4c 100644
--- a/src/librustdoc/markdown.rs
+++ b/src/librustdoc/markdown.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ use std::path::Path;
 
 use rustc_span::edition::Edition;
 use rustc_span::source_map::DUMMY_SP;
-use rustc_span::Symbol;
 
 use crate::config::{Options, RenderOptions};
 use crate::doctest::{Collector, GlobalTestOptions};
@@ -36,6 +35,8 @@ fn extract_leading_metadata(s: &str) -> (Vec<&str>, &str) {
 
 /// Render `input` (e.g., "foo.md") into an HTML file in `output`
 /// (e.g., output = "bar" => "bar/foo.html").
+///
+/// Requires session globals to be available, for symbol interning.
 pub(crate) fn render<P: AsRef<Path>>(
     input: P,
     options: RenderOptions,
@@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ pub(crate) fn test(options: Options) -> Result<(), String> {
     let mut opts = GlobalTestOptions::default();
     opts.no_crate_inject = true;
     let mut collector = Collector::new(
-        Symbol::intern(&options.input.display().to_string()),
+        options.input.display().to_string(),
         options.clone(),
         true,
         opts,
diff --git a/src/librustdoc/passes/check_code_block_syntax.rs b/src/librustdoc/passes/check_code_block_syntax.rs
index 14a38a760d238..2e651b5387419 100644
--- a/src/librustdoc/passes/check_code_block_syntax.rs
+++ b/src/librustdoc/passes/check_code_block_syntax.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 //! Validates syntax inside Rust code blocks (\`\`\`rust).
 use rustc_data_structures::sync::{Lock, Lrc};
 use rustc_errors::{
-    emitter::Emitter, translation::Translate, Applicability, Diagnostic, Handler,
-    LazyFallbackBundle,
+    emitter::Emitter,
+    translation::{to_fluent_args, Translate},
+    Applicability, Diagnostic, Handler, LazyFallbackBundle,
 };
 use rustc_parse::parse_stream_from_source_str;
 use rustc_session::parse::ParseSess;
@@ -193,7 +194,7 @@ impl Emitter for BufferEmitter {
     fn emit_diagnostic(&mut self, diag: &Diagnostic) {
         let mut buffer = self.buffer.borrow_mut();
 
-        let fluent_args = self.to_fluent_args(diag.args());
+        let fluent_args = to_fluent_args(diag.args());
         let translated_main_message = self.translate_message(&diag.message[0].0, &fluent_args);
 
         buffer.messages.push(format!("error from rustc: {}", translated_main_message));
diff --git a/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/diagnostics.rs b/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/diagnostics.rs
index 9a5100ce17f53..462f5e7849849 100644
--- a/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/diagnostics.rs
+++ b/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/diagnostics.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ extern crate rustc_span;
 
 use rustc_errors::{
     AddToDiagnostic, IntoDiagnostic, Diagnostic, DiagnosticBuilder,
-    ErrorGuaranteed, Handler, fluent
+    ErrorGuaranteed, Handler, fluent, SubdiagnosticMessage,
 };
 use rustc_macros::{Diagnostic, Subdiagnostic};
 use rustc_span::Span;
@@ -52,7 +52,10 @@ impl<'a> IntoDiagnostic<'a, ErrorGuaranteed> for TranslatableInIntoDiagnostic {
 pub struct UntranslatableInAddToDiagnostic;
 
 impl AddToDiagnostic for UntranslatableInAddToDiagnostic {
-    fn add_to_diagnostic(self, diag: &mut Diagnostic) {
+    fn add_to_diagnostic_with<F>(self, diag: &mut Diagnostic, _: F)
+    where
+        F: Fn(&mut Diagnostic, SubdiagnosticMessage) -> SubdiagnosticMessage,
+    {
         diag.note("untranslatable diagnostic");
         //~^ ERROR diagnostics should be created using translatable messages
     }
@@ -61,7 +64,10 @@ impl AddToDiagnostic for UntranslatableInAddToDiagnostic {
 pub struct TranslatableInAddToDiagnostic;
 
 impl AddToDiagnostic for TranslatableInAddToDiagnostic {
-    fn add_to_diagnostic(self, diag: &mut Diagnostic) {
+    fn add_to_diagnostic_with<F>(self, diag: &mut Diagnostic, _: F)
+    where
+        F: Fn(&mut Diagnostic, SubdiagnosticMessage) -> SubdiagnosticMessage,
+    {
         diag.note(fluent::compiletest::note);
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/diagnostics.stderr b/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/diagnostics.stderr
index f5f92ac1e7fbe..ac820a79db274 100644
--- a/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/diagnostics.stderr
+++ b/src/test/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/diagnostics.stderr
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@ LL | #![deny(rustc::untranslatable_diagnostic)]
    |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 error: diagnostics should be created using translatable messages
-  --> $DIR/diagnostics.rs:56:14
+  --> $DIR/diagnostics.rs:59:14
    |
 LL |         diag.note("untranslatable diagnostic");
    |              ^^^^
 
 error: diagnostics should only be created in `IntoDiagnostic`/`AddToDiagnostic` impls
-  --> $DIR/diagnostics.rs:70:25
+  --> $DIR/diagnostics.rs:76:25
    |
 LL |     let _diag = handler.struct_err(fluent::compiletest::example);
    |                         ^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -29,13 +29,13 @@ LL | #![deny(rustc::diagnostic_outside_of_impl)]
    |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 error: diagnostics should only be created in `IntoDiagnostic`/`AddToDiagnostic` impls
-  --> $DIR/diagnostics.rs:73:25
+  --> $DIR/diagnostics.rs:79:25
    |
 LL |     let _diag = handler.struct_err("untranslatable diagnostic");
    |                         ^^^^^^^^^^
 
 error: diagnostics should be created using translatable messages
-  --> $DIR/diagnostics.rs:73:25
+  --> $DIR/diagnostics.rs:79:25
    |
 LL |     let _diag = handler.struct_err("untranslatable diagnostic");
    |                         ^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/src/test/ui-fulldeps/session-diagnostic/diagnostic-derive.rs b/src/test/ui-fulldeps/session-diagnostic/diagnostic-derive.rs
index 1dc71abc104f9..e873c36e0b39a 100644
--- a/src/test/ui-fulldeps/session-diagnostic/diagnostic-derive.rs
+++ b/src/test/ui-fulldeps/session-diagnostic/diagnostic-derive.rs
@@ -678,3 +678,74 @@ enum ExampleEnum {
 struct RawIdentDiagnosticArg {
     pub r#type: String,
 }
+
+#[derive(Diagnostic)]
+#[diag(compiletest::example)]
+struct SubdiagnosticBad {
+    #[subdiagnostic(bad)]
+//~^ ERROR `#[subdiagnostic(bad)]` is not a valid attribute
+    note: Note,
+}
+
+#[derive(Diagnostic)]
+#[diag(compiletest::example)]
+struct SubdiagnosticBadStr {
+    #[subdiagnostic = "bad"]
+//~^ ERROR `#[subdiagnostic = ...]` is not a valid attribute
+    note: Note,
+}
+
+#[derive(Diagnostic)]
+#[diag(compiletest::example)]
+struct SubdiagnosticBadTwice {
+    #[subdiagnostic(bad, bad)]
+//~^ ERROR `#[subdiagnostic(...)]` is not a valid attribute
+    note: Note,
+}
+
+#[derive(Diagnostic)]
+#[diag(compiletest::example)]
+struct SubdiagnosticBadLitStr {
+    #[subdiagnostic("bad")]
+//~^ ERROR `#[subdiagnostic("...")]` is not a valid attribute
+    note: Note,
+}
+
+#[derive(LintDiagnostic)]
+#[diag(compiletest::example)]
+struct SubdiagnosticEagerLint {
+    #[subdiagnostic(eager)]
+//~^ ERROR `#[subdiagnostic(...)]` is not a valid attribute
+    note: Note,
+}
+
+#[derive(Diagnostic)]
+#[diag(compiletest::example)]
+struct SubdiagnosticEagerCorrect {
+    #[subdiagnostic(eager)]
+    note: Note,
+}
+
+// Check that formatting of `correct` in suggestion doesn't move the binding for that field, making
+// the `set_arg` call a compile error; and that isn't worked around by moving the `set_arg` call
+// after the `span_suggestion` call - which breaks eager translation.
+
+#[derive(Subdiagnostic)]
+#[suggestion_short(
+    parser::use_instead,
+    applicability = "machine-applicable",
+    code = "{correct}"
+)]
+pub(crate) struct SubdiagnosticWithSuggestion {
+    #[primary_span]
+    span: Span,
+    invalid: String,
+    correct: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Diagnostic)]
+#[diag(compiletest::example)]
+struct SubdiagnosticEagerSuggestion {
+    #[subdiagnostic(eager)]
+    sub: SubdiagnosticWithSuggestion,
+}
diff --git a/src/test/ui-fulldeps/session-diagnostic/diagnostic-derive.stderr b/src/test/ui-fulldeps/session-diagnostic/diagnostic-derive.stderr
index 167198b47f20f..7a42d618707ad 100644
--- a/src/test/ui-fulldeps/session-diagnostic/diagnostic-derive.stderr
+++ b/src/test/ui-fulldeps/session-diagnostic/diagnostic-derive.stderr
@@ -533,6 +533,46 @@ LL | #[label]
    |
    = help: `#[label]` and `#[suggestion]` can only be applied to fields
 
+error: `#[subdiagnostic(bad)]` is not a valid attribute
+  --> $DIR/diagnostic-derive.rs:685:21
+   |
+LL |     #[subdiagnostic(bad)]
+   |                     ^^^
+   |
+   = help: `eager` is the only supported nested attribute for `subdiagnostic`
+
+error: `#[subdiagnostic = ...]` is not a valid attribute
+  --> $DIR/diagnostic-derive.rs:693:5
+   |
+LL |     #[subdiagnostic = "bad"]
+   |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+   |
+   = help: `eager` is the only supported nested attribute for `subdiagnostic`
+
+error: `#[subdiagnostic(...)]` is not a valid attribute
+  --> $DIR/diagnostic-derive.rs:701:5
+   |
+LL |     #[subdiagnostic(bad, bad)]
+   |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+   |
+   = help: `eager` is the only supported nested attribute for `subdiagnostic`
+
+error: `#[subdiagnostic("...")]` is not a valid attribute
+  --> $DIR/diagnostic-derive.rs:709:21
+   |
+LL |     #[subdiagnostic("bad")]
+   |                     ^^^^^
+   |
+   = help: `eager` is the only supported nested attribute for `subdiagnostic`
+
+error: `#[subdiagnostic(...)]` is not a valid attribute
+  --> $DIR/diagnostic-derive.rs:717:5
+   |
+LL |     #[subdiagnostic(eager)]
+   |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+   |
+   = help: eager subdiagnostics are not supported on lints
+
 error: cannot find attribute `nonsense` in this scope
   --> $DIR/diagnostic-derive.rs:55:3
    |
@@ -607,7 +647,7 @@ LL |         arg: impl IntoDiagnosticArg,
    |                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ required by this bound in `DiagnosticBuilder::<'a, G>::set_arg`
    = note: this error originates in the derive macro `Diagnostic` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
-error: aborting due to 75 previous errors
+error: aborting due to 80 previous errors
 
 Some errors have detailed explanations: E0277, E0425.
 For more information about an error, try `rustc --explain E0277`.